Does Source B support the evidence of Source C about the Suffrage campaign?

During the early 20th century, Women's battle for equality reached its very peak as their campaign to be granted suffrage became even more passionate and frantic, as. It was around this time that the first real changes started occur; and as with any revolutionary crusade, there was a great deal of controversy surrounding it. It therefore comes as no great surprise that an immense amount of media was published concerning the subject. This was created by people on both sides of the campaign, and so there is a very wide range of the opinions voiced through forms of books, newspaper articles, speeches and in particular propaganda posters. Both these sources depict an extremely disdainful view towards women's suffrage, however to what extent they support each other in the rest of their views is rather debatable and needs to be considered to a further degree. Although these two sources were written for entirely different purposes, they surprisingly share one of their common principles, sending out an almost identical message on the actions of Suffragettes. Both authors feel that they were behaving in a maniacal manner which was totally unacceptable, and one which would only be used by the most preposterous lunatics. Source C depicts a suffragette protesting [maniacally], in a very emotional posture with greatly exaggerated and unwomanly actions. The viewer immediately feels contempt towards her, seeing her as nothing but a [nuisance]. This feeling is then enhanced by the label underneath- ‘The Shrieking Sister'. This is implying that the suffragette is very mentally unstable, to the extent of hysteria. Also, by ‘Sister' it is associating her into an [organization], as part of a brethren which we are led to believe are all like this. This immediately lowers all suffragette campaigners, making their cause worthless. Source B is portraying a very similar [feeling], labeling the protests as a ‘shrill cry'. The word shrill here implies how they are [hysterical], irrational and desperate. It's purpose, similar to that of Source C's is to demote them and point out how ridiculous their actions are. Another way in which the two sources are [linked/similar] is in the way they dehumanize women suffrage campaigners. Source B does this simply by the title of the book- â€Å"Women or Suffragette†. This suggests that a woman could only be one or the other, and that should they be a suffragette they are letting go of an femininity. Even by just reading the title of the book, the public feel forced into making a decision between the two sides- between being a respected, charming woman or being an indistinguishable/undefinable monstrosity. Source C uses similar tactics in putting this point across, using the label and the drawing of the Suffragette behaving in an animalistic way to highlight the beastiality and violence of the woman. Text is used to great advantage by both Corelli and Partridge to make their views [noticed], and both use fonting techniques to capture the readers attention, Partridge using a larger, bolder, more noticeable font and Corelli simply putting it in italics to stress the importance of that view. This results in the viewer being able to interpret their main [points] even at a glance, which increases the liklihood of success of their work. (Success being that people begin to reflect on the situation through the view of the authors). Whilst the Sources may support each other in their fundamental [reasons], they differ quite a bit in the rest of their views. One of the biggest ways in which their opinions vary is on the whole suffrage campaign. Source B is quite clearly against the whole cause, as Corelli does not differentiate between Suffragists and Suffragattes whilst she is slandering female campaigners, and simply generalizes them together. On the other hand, Source C makes it clear that they have no [issues] whatsoever with Suffragists. In the portrait, the Suffragists is represented as calm, mature and is standing very upright and [sensibly]. She is making no radical actions, and appears to be heavily critizing the [actions] of the Suffragette. In the caption, she is even labelled as the ‘Sensible Woman'. This implies that Partridge is by no means against the cause, and that if campaigners behave in appropriate and [sensible] manners then he is perfectly happy to listen to their cause, and that he is simply refusing to tolerate the violence of Suffragettes. However, this view is not very clearly shown by the poster, and it left to the viewer to interpret it themselves. In general, Source C is only commenting on the tactics used in the campaign, not the reasoning behind the campaign. Source B is completely different to this, and it is full of critism of Women for demanding suffrage. Corelli clams that ‘Women were and are destined to make voters rather than to be voters themselves'. By the comment, she is stating that she feels that the situation is never going to change, and that women should just stay in the Private Sphere where they are expected to be. She feels that women are not capable of voting, and that the injustices they suffer should be stopped through other means. Corelli suggests that the lack of equality it women's own fault, saying that it is a result of ‘the way in which mothers have reared their sons'. This is saying that if Women want to change the way in which they are treated in society, they must do it by giving their sons, the generation which will shape the future as they become adults, a more [morally intact] view of women. Whereas contrary to this belief of it being due to women's own mistakes that society is so obvlivious to their rights, Source C suggests that it is due to Suffragettes that the campaign is still failing, as is exampled by the Suffragists commenting that Suffragettes were the cause's ‘worst enemy'. In conclusion, I feel that Source B does support a great deal of the evidence in Source C- that about the campaigning techniques of Suffragettes; however it can vary a great deal in other views and in some ways they even contradict each other, such as with the opinion of who was to blame for the great sexism of the time. In general, I feel that although the views of the two sources are in places identical, this is just a coincidence, as they are for different reasons. This is most likely due to the fact that the original media had different purposes. Source B was from a book which was very clearly anti-women's suffrage. Anyone who would be reading the book would clearly already be leaning towards these views, and Corelli was simply trying to persuade them more, or share her opinions with them. Partridge was using his poster to appeal to Suffragettes, and to the public, to try and make them realize that violent, militant campaigning was not helping the cause, and making the whole thing seem just rants of hysterical, moronic women. By acting like animals with ‘shrieking' and ‘shrill cries', they bring a bad reputation to all women, and simply give support to the claims that women were 'emotionally weak'. The one thing which they most storngly support each other in is in blaming Suffragettes for the level of disfain the public have towards Women's Suffrage, and it is this solely which links the too.

Anger Management in the Health Care Workplace Essay

Health professionals carry out stressful activities on a daily basis. Nurses, doctors, and health workers’ environments involve a multitude of tasks, all to be done with amidst the stress of time, communicating with patients, and dealing with life and death situations. Besides individuals, health care work involves effectively integrating with the health organization, community expectations and government support. Breakdown of these systems is part of the health care work and is better to be viewed in a positive light. â€Å"A commentary suggests that conflict is a natural part of the human experience, especially in organizations. The intent of collaboration should not be agreement, but the ability for everyone to express their opinions no matter how disagreeable those opinions may seem. When people feel free to disagree, more ideas are put on the table, which can lead to more discoveries and to quantum leaps in improvement and innovation.† (Caudron, 1999) However, it is imperative to approach conflict management between health professionals using professional tools. The usual response of people under stress while reacting to opponents can be described in four responses. Angered people attack their adversaries by lashing out at them in the aim of either hurting the other party or protecting their interests. Some persons just merely avoid the conflict and start to ignore the other party. â€Å"Modern team-building experts say that the avoidance of conflict is the surest way to non-functional teams.† (Beck, 1998)   Sometimes, there is softening where conflicting parties pretend that everything is ok when its really not. And the last reaction to conflict is resolution where parties are able to resolve the conflict and find a point of unity once again. Health care professionals do not work as a single unit. High levels of teamwork are required in carrying out health care effectively and efficiently. Effective communication will help health professionals cope up with conflicts brought about by stress in the workplace. â€Å"Whether a manager is motivating the staff to increase sales or leading a team through a problem-solving process, effective communication is critical. Supportive language fosters a positive working climate, while negative or evaluative language can cause conflict and defensiveness.† (Aubrey, 1992) Different kinds of conflicts can be found in the workplace. â€Å"Task-oriented conflicts focus on the process the team will use to achieve its goals or its mission. People-oriented conflicts arise out of personality conflicts, struggles for leadership, and just plain rudeness by one member to another.† (Anonymous, 1996) But all conflicts can be resolved in due time with openness and processes to guide the management of conflict. One of these conflict management theories is elaborated by Montebello. Describing the conflict is the first step to resolving it. This step is a sure constructive way in getting all the parties’ help and goal to resolve the conflict. Describing the conflict makes the chaos stop. Conflicts found in health care are usually ridden with lots of emotions that conflicting parties need to take a different point of view first and get out of the situation in order to become more objective of the situation at hand. Once the conflict is described, exploring possible causes is the next process. The listening component is important in this level because parties need to hear out each other’s perspectives and hopefully try to understand the other party’s position. Health workers are good listeners and they will be integral to this part of conflict resolution. When the parties go to the stage where they start to give possible solutions, they get into the negotiating phase. Negotiation must be approached in a positive way. Through negotiation, everyone’s ideas are articulated and either supported or rejected by the parties. This process is crucial because when solutions do not pass through negotiations, they are more likely to fail and therefore the last step, which is to take action, will not be done in committed manner. Taking action leads to the actual solving of the conflict. Health care professionals will be able to work efficiently once more with regular conflict management. Conflict management is like oil to a machine. References: Anonymous. 1996.  How to cope with conflicts within the team. Getting Results †¦ for the Hands – On Manager:   C.  Saranac Lake:  Apr 1996.Vol.  41,  Iss.  4;  Ã‚  pg.  1,  1  pgs Aubrey, Charles A II,  Felkins, Patricia K.  Incentive.  1992. Team talk: How language and listening improve teamwork New York:  Dec 1992.Vol.  166,  Iss.  12;  Ã‚  pg.  51,  4  pgs Beck, Joe. 1998.  The failure to confront   Occupational Health & Safety.  Waco:  Jul 1998.Vol.  67,  Iss.  7;  Ã‚  pg.  20,  3  pgs Caudron, Shari. 1999.  Productive conflict has value   Workforce.  Costa Mesa:  Feb 1999.Vol.  78,  Iss.  2;  Ã‚  pg.  25,  3  pgs

Report on the Analysis of Ineffective Communication in the Workplace Essay

This report will analyse and examine issues of interpersonal behaviour in the workplace. It will describe a scenario observed concerning communication and will include an analysis of the problems that occurred. A conclusion will be made which will lead to recommendations to prevent this situation from recurring. 2. 0 The scenario The main conflict in this scenario transpired between persons B and C (see appendix 1) on the shop floor of B & Q. Person B had previously spoken rudely about person C to person D. Persons D and C are good friends, therefore person D informed C about the incident. Person C then discussed the issue with Person A who had a one-to-one meeting with person B. The outcome of the meeting was that Person B should have an informal meeting with person C to resolve the issue. However, person B avoided holding this meeting and instead chose to speak to person C on the shop floor in the presence of customers. (See appendix 2 for the transcript of the scenario). 3. 0 Transactional Analysis and Effective Communication Transactional Analysis assists when evaluating this situation as the model is a popular way of explaining the dynamics of interpersonal communication. It was developed by Eric Berne in 1949 and has two fundamental assumptions; all the events and feelings people experience are stored within them and can be replayed, and that personality is made up of three ego states that manifest themselves in gesture, tone of voice and actions. The child ego state is described as the ‘feelings state’ and involves people behaving as they did when they were a child. This includes three sub-states which are the ‘free or natural child’, the ‘little professor’ and the ‘rebellious child’. The free or natural child state focuses on genuine feelings, acting on impulse and letting others know how we feel. The little professor state is creative, questioning and experimental. As the name suggests, the rebellious child state invokes rebellion, frustration and withdrawal. The adult ego state involves behaviour that concerns thought processes and can be defined as ‘the thoughtful’ state. This state focuses on data collection, reality testing and objectiveness. The parent state is described as the ‘taught’ state and consists of two sub-states; the nurturing and the critical parent. In this state, people take responsibility and tend to behave in ways learnt from parental figures. The nurturing parent state involves caring for other people, whereas in the critical or controlling parent state people have a tendency to lay down rules and boundaries and insist on their own method of getting the job done. Exclusions of ego states occur when someone is permanently using one ego state and cuts off the others (see appendix 7). There are three types of transactions in communication; complementary, crossed and ulterior (see appendix 3). When both parties’ ego states match, this is a complementary transaction and communication can continue. Crossed transactions occur when one party addresses a different ego state to the one the other party is currently in. The communication in crossed transactions disintegrates and can result in bad feelings. Ulterior transactions involve a crossed transaction on a psychological level, however on the surface the ego states seem to match leading to people playing games with one another. Strokes are units of recognition and are given and received via the five senses. Positive strokes are life and growth encouraging, whereas negative strokes are the opposite and cause the recipient to feel dejected. Transactional analysis assumes that our characteristic ways of feeling and behaving derive from the way we feel about ourselves in relation to other people. These are referred to as the four life positions and consist of â€Å"I’m not OK, You’re OK†, â€Å"I’m not OK, You’re not OK†, â€Å"I’m OK, You’re not OK† and â€Å"I’m OK, You’re OK† (see appendix 4). Body language is another method used to communicate and can assist when deciphering an underlying message that someone is trying to purvey. According to Pivcevic, â€Å"it is commonly agreed that 80 per cent of communication is non-verbal† (Mullins, L. J, 2010, pp 235). Effective communication is achieved by attending, reflecting and following (see appendix 5). This benefits both the listener and the speaker as it aids the listener in thoroughly understanding what the speaker is saying. Attending is non-verbal communication that signifies someone is paying careful attention to the person talking. Attending includes body posture, gestures, eye contact and an environment free of distractions. Following skills require the listener to offer openers and encouragements. Openers are non-coercive invitations for the speaker to talk and include judgemental, reassuring and advice statements. Opening questions and silence can be used as they encourage and concentrate on the concerns of the speaker rather than the listener. Reflecting skills avoid both speaker and listener problems. Words are perceived differently to people and listeners can often become distracted. Reflective responses are non-judgmental and help the listener to grasp the feelings of the speaker. Guirdham’s cycle of perception and behaviour can also aid in analysing communication as perceptions can alter the way in which we behave, thus having an effect on communication (see appendix 8). 4. 0 Analysis of the scenario By applying the Transactional analysis model, it is evident that when person B approached C, she was speaking from her critical parent ego state. This state is condescending and admonishing and can cause the addressee to feel discouraged. When replying, person C speaks from her adult ego state which is objective and rational, presenting a crossed transaction as B was addressing a different ego state to that of which C is currently in (see appendix 3). Person B should have shifted to an adult ego state to ensure that the states matched, amending it to a complementary transaction. However, B replies she has no time denoting that she is speaking from her critical parent ego state and sending out negative strokes. Her abrupt and loud tone insinuates she is defensive and angry. Her body language also gives an implication of her underlying message as she is walking away from the situation with her arms crossed, suggesting she is uninterested. Person C is rational and relaxed with her body language, making constant eye contact and positioning herself closely to person B, signifying she is listening intently. C’s ego state shifts to a rebellious child state when B’s body language and attitude is perceived as rude, abrupt and unconcerned. This subliminal communication causes an argument to break out and C begins to speak vociferously. The clenching of her fists and words spoken infer this shift in ego state. A change in behaviour occurs due to C’s perceptions of B’s behaviour (see appendix 8). Person A then interrupts the conversation and speaks from a nurturing parent ego state; this is presumed as he interjects with a question, â€Å"are you okay guys? † He places a hand on person C’s shoulder, signalling a display of power over her. At this point, person B begins to fiddle with her pen, suggesting a transition out of her comfort zone and showing she is uncomfortable in the situation. By this point, person C is very distressed and is deep in a rebellious child ego state. Her body language conveys feelings of anger and frustration as she is frantically waving her arms. Person B is reluctant to apologise or be sympathetic throughout the incident, indicating her ego state has not changed. This implies that she is currently in an arrogant life position as she feels she is not in the wrong (see appendix 4). She walks away, with her arms crossed expressing hostility and disregard to the situation. Person C reverts back to an adult ego state towards the end of the conversation and realises that she needs to calm down and clear her head. She also displays anxiety as she begins to bite her lip. Person A has maintained a nurturing parent ego state throughout as he is caring and tries to control and pacify the situation. 5. 0 Conclusion In conclusion, person B has inadequate communication skills. The crossed transaction, exclusion of other ego states and current life position (see appendix 4) of person B combine together to make her appear arrogant and uninterested, leading to conflict between the two parties. Attending, following and reflecting skills (see appendix 5) should have been applied to the conversation on B’s part to ensure effective communication took place. Person B’s disregard to instructions given to her by A could be due to the age gap between the two. According to Hart (Mullins, L. J, 2010, pp 101), age gaps can lead to conflict in the workplace as there is a dispute between age and experience. 6. 0 Recommendations To avoid this situation recurring, person B should receive training on interpersonal skills (see appendix 6), attending, following and listening (see appendix 5), enabling her to understand her own behaviour, other points of view and improve communication skills. Person A should hold an informal, one-to-one meeting with B and discuss possible outcomes of the meeting, such as training. Person A should identify whether B is in a constant ‘arrogant or cosmetic’ life position as she could have been having a bad day when the argument broke out. If it is found that her constant life position is ‘I’m OK, you’re not OK’ then an attempt should be made to modify this as it has a negative effect on communication. Person A should ensure this is carried out in a conscientious manner to prevent another conflicting situation from occurring. Person A should avoid singling out B as this could demotivate her from joining work shop training, so should offer the opportunity to every employee. This informal, fun atmosphere may help to improve person B’s opinions of others and alter her current life position. Another method of altering person B’s life position is to offer counselling but should be suggested at a later date if workshops fail.

E-Businesss Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

E-Businesss Marketing - Essay Example By doing this an organization faces both the advantages and the disadvantages of conducting business internationally. Advantages include competing with multinational firms and exploiting regions more suited to the products of the firm. The disadvantages include; entering a new country successfully will require studying the culture of the country and adapting to the situation and the potential risk of failing. Security is one of the major issues that are being faced by any organization in the present world. Internet crime has been one of these problems for organizations doing business on the Internet. Viruses and hacking have become very common, steps to reduce these have been taken and are being taken. An organization doing business online must convince its customers that data transmitted about them while buying online is safe from hackers and alteration. This can be done by formulating a security policy that provides the most secure transactions. A good security policy not only builds trust within the consumers but also helps an organization build a reputable image. The organization should also be efficient in responding to potential threats that are present before they harm the organization in any way. Importance to systems privacy is given while formulating a security policy as it determines a user's freedom while using Internet to purchase from the organization's website. Integrity i s also given importance while formulating a security policy as to avoid policies that might hinder the cohesiveness of different systems that are integrated into the E-Business. Another major security issue apart from all these is the physical security of the system. Physical security ensures that a system is safe from physical damage and thefts. Ant viruses help organizations in conducting a secure e-business and Fire Walls help control the traffic flow, balancing activities and stopping unexpected actions. Fire Walls also restricts unauthorized access in the systems. A security system that I have recently been exposed to is McAfee Antivirus system that protects the System from viruses, hackers and different potential threats on the Internet. 3. Some of the specific security objectives for protecting Web business assets and customer privacy are: - How do you protect client computers from security threats - How do you protect information as it travels through the Internet communication channel - How do you protect the security of Web server computers Pick any one of these topics to give your discussion contribution. Protecting Client Computers from security threats is not a very easy task to accomplish but it's the most important one too. Until and unless a client computer is safe it's impossible to conduct e-business with trust. The main threats are hackers

Fairy Tales Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fairy Tales - Research Paper Example Indeed, in fairy tales, the stepmother is usually mean, deceitful and incapable of loving her stepchildren. In this day and age when divorce, separation and single parenthood make having a stepmother a fact of life, it is a wonder why fairy tale stepmothers are still stereotyped as such. Moreover, because of how common having a stepmother is nowadays, it is curious to know how these evil depictions may influence the relationship of today’s children with their stepmothers. One reason behind the evil stepmother character is history, supposedly. Author Maria Warner writes that fairy tales may be influenced by the happenings in society during the time the stories were written. Death at childbirth was common in earlier times so having a new mother was a usual occurrence. Warner believes that making the stepmother wicked in fairy tales served as a warning for readers during that time and points to real-life tragedies where an offspring is killed so the stepmother’s child can inherit the father’s riches. (Sellers) Another explanation for this depiction comes from Bruno Bettelheim and other critics who have psycho-analyzed fairy tales. According to this group, the portrait of an evil stepmother is actually a projection of the bad side a good mother has. (Tatar) Supposedly, an individual does not feel as guilty hating the bad qualities of one’s mom epitomized by the malevolent stepmother. With this image of a mother’s evilness, â€Å"mom† is able to remain the loving and good-natured parent, always wanting the best for her child. Writer Patricia Watson shares that in Europe during the writing of Hansel and Gretel, peasants abandoned their children because they did not have enough food to feed them (Watson) and thus it was easier to hate a â€Å"stepmom† for this. It is noteworthy, too, how the stepmother is made to be jealous of her stepdaughter’s beauty or good qualities. In Snow White, the Evil Queen who is vain becomes angry when her magic mirror says its famous line: â€Å"Snow White is the fairest of all.† (Grimm) Her anger led her to think of ways on how to get rid of Snow White in her world. Wanting to look pretty and young is not a problem and cannot e viewed as a mistake on the stepmother’s side. Everyone wants to look young and good. What made her evil though is her banishing of Snow White from the castle and trying to kill her. Although having a bad stepmother may be common in this age of divorce and separation, it has not been a regular occurrence for stepmothers to kill their stepdaughter or stepson. In Cinderella, the vain stepmother forces Cinderella to work in her own house, maybe in an attempt to make the pretty stepdaughter dirty-looking and unpleasant. She also makes it hard for Cinderella to attend the Prince’s ball by giving her so many chores and then locking the child up in her room. (Cinderella) In 2007, a self-study about the relationship of a ste pmother and stepdaughter was released to the public. The researchers were members of one family who exemplified one of the most common contemporary family structures – a stepfamily. The researchers discovered that the â€Å"wicked stepmother† title is most times brought about by anger that the biological child cannot express towards the biological mother and by negative stereotypes that the child hears. (Strawn and Knox) This research is important. It

Nutrition project 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nutrition project 2 - Essay Example erview that the vision of the individual became blur over the preceding few years, which eventually made apparent that this problem adversely affected his work. In addition, it could be identified from the interview that the individual’s level of thirst was increased due to frequent exhaustion (Diabetes UK, â€Å"Diabetes Symptoms†). What do you have to do to control your diabetes? The interviewee stated that changes in diets are required to be made in order to control diabetes. According to the interview, it was found that the individual is planning to eat lesser meals and opting for intaking healthier foods such as fruits and green vegetables. This might help him in reducing the problem of weight loss. Moreover, the individual decided to walk 30 minutes regularly in morning and 10 minutes after lunch time, which in turn would aid him in healing from uncertain exhaustion or tiredness (NDEP, â€Å"It’s Not Too Late to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes†). How Else Does Diabetes Affect Your Day-To-Day Life? Since the interviewee was diagnosed with diabetes, the daily life of the individual got highly affected. This might be owing to the reason that he had to wake up from sleep twice in night-time, which was quite abnormal for his family members. Additionally, he had to avoid consuming sugar, which created an imbalance in his normal diet, as he is quite keen towards eating cakes or cookies with either tea or coffee in his breakfast. Besides, his monthly expenses for availing medication were continuously rising, which created a huge problem for him in his daily life to manage both personal as well as family expenses (Crown, â€Å"How diabetes affects my daily life†). The serving size for Hamburger in McDonald’s is 3.5 oz (ounces) i.e. 100grams. Accordingly, the calorie content on each serving is 234 cal. The total fat in each Hamburger is 8.6 grams. Likewise, there is 0.5 gram of trans fat in Hamburgers. If it is assumed that an individual can consume 2,000 kcal in an

Henrys Law Constant Of Glyoxal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Henrys Law Constant Of Glyoxal - Research Paper Example The enhancement of KH was linked to the sulfate: carbonyl molar ratio rather than the absolute concentration of sulfate ions in bulk solution. The profound sulfate effect was only observed in glyoxal and formaldehyde, but not methylglyoxal. Chemical analysis suggested that this sulfate mediated reaction was reversible. Meanwhile, Time of Flight-MS (TOF-MS), NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) suggested the unknown product was sulfate containing product. For ionic strength effect, KH of formaldehyde, methylglyoxal and glyoxal were investigated in NaCl solution with concentrations ranging from 25mM to 4M. Our observation suggested that the formation of hydrogen bonding between chloride ions and diol groups of the hydrated carbonyls lead to "salting-in" effects in concentrated NaCl solution. The partitioning process of these small, reactive carbonyls was not sensitive to the ionic strength of wet aerosols and the profound effects of sulfate on glyoxal KH supported the hypothesi s that sulfate play an important role in glyoxal gas/aqueous phase partitioning. The Henry law constant KH is a key parameter that aids in the... 2.2 Experimentation Methods 6 3.0 Results and Discussion 7 3.1 Formaldehyde 7 Product Identification 9 3.2 Glyoxal 10 3.3 Methylglyoxal 13 4.0 Conclusion 14 Work cited 16 Appendix 25 1.0 Introduction The Henry law constant KH is a key parameter that aids in the determination of the magnitude, rate and flux direction between the aqueous and the gas solution. Due to the insufficient thermodynamic data and poor understanding in gas/particle partitioning behaviors of glyoxal and other oxidation products from both anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs), discrepancies between field measurements and SOA models were large (Volkamer et al., 2006). In particular, the partitioning process of C2, C3-bifunctional species, formed in significant yields from the photo-oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons, isoprene, terepene, alkenes as well as alkynes, remain unclear [Yu et al., 1995; Yu et al., 1997; Yu et al., 1998; Yu et al., 1999; Warneck, 2003]. Field measurements have revealed that these low molecular weight, bi-functional species are important precursors for SOA in cloud-processing [Blando and Turpin, 2000; Warneck, 2003]. Laboratory evidence suggests that, the rate-limiting step in SOA formation of isoprene photo-oxidation was the oxidation of first-generation reaction products which leads to the formation of up to four functional groups of the carbon skeleton. Therefore, the partitioning of chemical species containing multifunction groups could be more likely a critical step for formation of SOA in other systems as well (Kroll et al, 2006). Recently, glyoxal was used as an activity indicator for photo-oxidation attributed to its high abundance after onset of sunlight and short lifetime, while formaldehyde worked

Communication skills Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Communication skills - Assignment Example Providing suggestions and providing encouragement during the conversations help to keep the conversation alive according to Jonathan. According to Decker communications blog, Kelly Decker, argues that humor plays a big role in keeping communication alive. She gives an example of the just concluded Russian Winter Olympics 2014. Despite concerns about Russian security, they managed to overcome the pressure by use of humor. These made them feel light and created a connection between them. Similarly Kelly suggest that when it comes to embarrassing situation, there is no need to fear but instead laugh or make a joke and it will certainly col down the tension (Decker). Kelly believes that making light of the situation and taking advantage of unplanned humor helps in connecting and redirecting attention where it belongs. Creating unexpected moments while communicating helps in surprising people and sticking them where you want them to

Current Issues of Modern Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Current Issues of Modern Law - Assignment Example In Arbitration, the two disputing parties agree to have a person who will hear out both parties and make a decision as to who is right/ aggrieved. The two disputing parties may choose to make the process either binding or non-binding. If the process is, binding then a document to that effect is being prepared and duly signed by both parties stating it to be so. The decision of the arbitrator in this process will be final and neither party can dispute it and proceed to trial. In the non-binding arbitration, either or both parties may dispute the decision of the arbitrator and proceed to trial. The process in Collaborative Family Law is designed to encourage mutually agreeable solutions to couples who want to legally put an end to their marriage unions. Each partner has the right to have their legal representatives in the proceedings but would have to hire new ones if they decide to proceed to court. Either party reserves the right to go to court at any point in the proceedings. This t ype of process is not advisable for couples who have domestic violence, or and intimidation issues. In Case Conferencing as an alternative dispute resolution, the focus is on narrowing the issues that are in dispute between parties. This is done by a judge or their representative and the legal representative of both parties with little input from the disputing parties. Neutral Evaluation makes use of expert evaluation of the matter in dispute through the professional opinion of projected outcomes of the matter if it went to court. The expert evaluates the pros and cons of each side’s case and with the consent of both parties offers advice on a settlement. The expert also offers case planning to encourage settlement. Mediation is a dispute resolution process where a person/mediator acts to enable disputing parties to reach a mutually agreeable settlement amongst them. The mediator unlike the arbitrator does not decide the case but helps the disputing parties do on their own. P arent Coordination as an alternative conflict resolution uses an experienced trained legal or health professional in assisting high conflict parents to carry out their parenting plan. The main objective of this type of dispute resolution is to resolve and manage conflicts so that meaningful parent-child relationships can be obtained or created if absent. Summary Jury Trials can be binding or non-binding as agreed to by parties. They are only available in limited jurisdictions. It entails giving a summary of both sides of the disputing party in order to get a projected outcome of a case if it were to go to trial.        

Researching reporting dashboard features for marketing automation Research Paper

Researching reporting dashboard features for marketing automation tools - Research Paper Example The dashboard tool offers six views into one’s business data with basis on user type and needs. Marketing executives can also see summary business intelligence dashboard representing data visually through customizable widgets. In addition, analysts are able to do deep dives for data to attain answers to complex problems through their OLAP interface. It makes insight sharing an easy process; moreover, it is accessible by in-house or third party applications. Neolane’s marketing analytics technology is organized around three major steps. These are understanding, execution, and monitoring with marketers gaining insight into needs of the customer, followed by measurement through interactive, graphical, and personalized dashboards (Aquino 1). The marketer can analyze and monitor market performance through these dashboards to ascertain efficiency and optimize on their ROI, as well as aid in quickly and effectively piloting marketing activity. Measurements that marketers can carry out using Neolane’s technology include transaction data, marketing data, key performance indicators, and execution data. Moreover, the users can create contact lists using specific measurements like lists of young men between 25 and 35 years (Aquino 1). Software provider Aprimo’s latest version of their Relationships manager has several new features that include streamlined dashboards and reporting, enhanced user interface, and integration with M arketing Operations in enabling faster turnaround

You can choose one out of five Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

You can choose one out of five - Essay Example er the story of myths, let us examine the place and the role of the place where it is supposed to happen and be able to characterize the relationship of gods to the place where the story is supposed to take place, and what does it tell us about early Greek culture? I have chosen two myths that I believed have connections with mortals. First myth that I chose who played an important position in the mythology is Zeus. Zeus appeared in the collection of myths in the Greek pagan creation of myths. He was described as the king of the gods, king of law and order, fate, and sky and weather (Atsma, 2000). The Geographic location often referred to in the story of Hesoid, Theogony, is Mt. Olympus. It is a tall mountain with snowy peaks able to penetrate heaven.(v. II 36-52). Mt. Olynpus is characterized as a peaceful place wherein gods and goddesses lived peacefully. This is where Zeus lived, together with other goddesses and muses, his wife, brothers and sisters. Mt. Olympus first appeared in the story of Hesoid, while he was sheparding sheep at the foot of Helicon. Mt. Olympus was the home of Zeus and the twelve muses of Mt. Olympus. These muses came to see Hesoid to tell him of their stories so he could retell it to others. Hesoid is not a supernatur al being. He was an early Greek poet who lived during the 700 BC era. Hesoid opened his story with the tale of muses singing tirelessly to their father, Zeus, in Mt. Olympus. This is the first talk about Mt.Olympus. It is thru songs that the muses told the tale of the clans of men and giants. I perceived Mt. Olympus hall to be happy as it resonates the voices of muses. Mt. Olympus is featured with snowy peaks that leads to heaven, a peaceful place with no troubles or worries because it is guarded by a god. This is where gods built homes and palaces and any gods can live there but no humans were allowed. Mt. Olympus is different from what we see in mountains today. Today, in geography, there are several mountains

The Relationship of Marijuana Accessibility & Substance Abuse Essay Example for Free

The Relationship of Marijuana Accessibility Substance Abuse Essay Abstract A growing concern in the medical and mental health field is the relationship between marijuana use and further illicit drug abuse. Due to the recent state laws passing in Washington and Colorado, there has been a need for a study to address the accessibility factor in relations to the â€Å"gateway hypothesis† to marijuana. The fear is that the increase in accessibility of marijuana will result in an increase of substance abuse and dependency. Therefore, this study is intended to address the following research question: Is the increased accessibility of marijuana correlated with the increase use of marijuana and other illicit drug use. Additionally, this proposal will address the gap in the literature, sample and instrument used, and the findings. The Relationship of Marijuana Accessibility Substance Abuse A growing concern in the medical and mental health field is the association of marijuana use and further illicit drug abuse as well as whether the increase accessibility of marijuana will result in the increase of substance abuse (Yacoubian, 2007). In the United Sates, researchers and professionals have observed the controversial gateway hypothesis of marijuana for the past 30 years (Hall Lynskey, 2005). Hall and Lynskey provide the following operational definition for the gateway hypothesis: â€Å"Drugs whose use in some unspecified way is a cause of the use of later drugs in the sequence† (p.1). During this time, a variety of studies have been conducted and have discovered empirical support to suggest that marijuana is commonly associated with the use of other illicit drugs (Lessem, 2006). A previous study found that 90% of cocaine users had used marijuana prior to cocaine (Fergusson, Boden, Horwood, 2006). In another study, researchers discovered that 33% of occasional and 84% of daily marijuana users reported using other illicit drugs (Fergusson, Boden, Horwood, 2006, p. 2). Currently, marijuana is a hot topic in the media due to the United States having the worlds largest single market for illicit drugs (Yacoubian, 2007).  In addition, research shows that marijuana has been discovered as the most prevalent illicit drug within the American households (Yacoubian). Out of the estimated 19 million people using illicit drugs in American households, the majority of patients admitted to treatment facilities are adolescents and young adults for marijuana abuse (Lessem, 2006). This research significantly affects the mental health field due to the high demand of professionals trained and qualified to work with and treat patients with substance abuse and dependency issues. In terms of policy, during the 2012 election the state of Washington and Colorado passed laws that legalized the recreational use of marijuana (Healy, 2012). To date an estimate of 12 states have decriminalized marijuana and 18 states as well as Washington, DC permit medical marijuana use (Healy). However, under the Federal law there is no such thing as â€Å"medical† marijuana (McCarthy, 2004). This is due to the Drug Enforcement Administration’s criteria and the Controlled Substance Act which classifies marijuana as a Schedule 1 drug based on the following three factors: (1) its high potential for abuse, (2) having no significant means for medical use, (3) lack of accepted safety for use of the drug (McCarthy). Additionally, the Department of Justice clearly states that marijuana is illegal under Federal Law despite state policies and acts (McCarthy). Yacoubian (2007) addresses the debate between criminalization versus decriminalization by comparing and contrasting drug regulation and policies within the United States and the Netherlands. Research found that de facto legalization, permitting coffee shops, in the Netherlands led to a significant increase of marijuana use among Dutch youth (Yacoubian). Yacoubian concluded that research suggests that an increase accessibility of marijuana will result in the increase of drug use. For the purpose of this study, the operational definition of accessibility will align with Yacoubians, which is based on state policies and regulation. For example, legalization policies suggest a high accessibility of marijuana (Yacoubian). Specifically, in regards to the present study the following three states define the level accessibility: Colorado’s legalization policies and recreational use (high accessibility), California’s decimalization policies and medical use (limited accessibility), and Virginia’s illegal policies and no permitted use (no accessibility) (Healy, 2012). Due to the conflict of recent state laws passing and Federal Laws not changing there has been a  necessity for further research regarding the illicit drug marijuana and its effects (Healy, 2012). Researchers have found a significant relationship between regular and early marijuana use and further drug use such as cocaine, heroin, pills, etc. (Hall Lynskey, 2005). However, previous studies concluded that there is a gap within the research because there may have been an overestimation of results suggesting the â€Å"gateway hypothesis† known as the frequency of marijuana use and later involvement in other illicit drug use (Fergusson, Boden Horwood, 2006). Lessem (2006) mentioned some of the limitations to research were the inability to measure drug dependency as well as the issues of causality. In addition, most current research studies are out dated and prior to the recent laws. This research study was designed to fill the specific gap portrayed within the current research. According to Fergusson, Boden, and Horwood (2006) their study resulted in overestimation of date; therefore, this specific study was formatted to ensure the data is precisely and accurately analyzed to prevent complications of overestimations. Additionally, this study uses a valid and reliable assessment to measure drug abuse and dependency, which satisfies the limitations previously mentioned in Lessem’s (2006) research study. It is a concern that as marijuana becomes more accessible, there will be an increase in substance abuse and dependency across the nation (Hall Lynckey, 2005). This study is intended to address the following research question: Is the increase accessibility of marijuana correlated with the increase of marijuana use and substance abuse and dependency. Therefore, the research hypothesis for this study is that with the increase of accessibility there will an increase in substance abuse and dependency. The overall purpose of this research study is to cover several presenting factors. First, it is to increase awareness of the epidemic of marijuana use and further drug abuse within our nation. Second, it is to educate the public on the significance of the relationship between marijuana and drug abuse. Lastly, this research proposal is designed to gather and analyze data from states in which recent laws were passed permitting increase in accessibility and use of marijuana. Method Participants The sample for this study consisted of 450 subjects from the states of  California, Colorado, and Virginia. A sample size of 150 was used from each of these states, 75 participants were students from state universities and another 75 participants were patients at rehabilitation and drug treatment centers. The mean average age of participants within in the sample was 22.23. Among the total sample size, 64% (n=288) were male subjects and 36% (n=162) were female subjects. In terms of ethnicity, 42% (n=189) of participants identified as white, 22% (n=99) as African American, 20% (n=90) as Hispanic, 16% (n=72) as Asian, and 4% (n=18) as other. The sample was first divided into the following three pre-existing groups according to state accessibility of marijuana: California participants (decriminalized marijuana/limited accessibility), Colorado participants (legalized marijuana/high accessibility), and Virginia participants (illegal marijuana/no permitted accessibility). Participants were then separated into one of the three subgroups based on their drug use and abuse. The participant’s score on the Drug Abuse Screening Test assessment determined their placement in one of the following three subgroups: non-existing/mild, moderate, and severe. Instrument The Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST) was the instrument used to assess the sample in this specific study. The DAST is a 20-item psychometric instrument that is purposed to measure an individual’s drug use and abuse (Corcoran, Fischer, 2007). The manual indicates that a higher total score suggests an index of problem severity (Corcoran, Fischer). The DAST is scored by the total sum of all 20 items with range of scores being from 0 to 28 (Corcoran, Fischer). For the purpose of this study, participants scores are estimated by mild (scores: 0-6), moderate (scores: 7-13), severe (scores: 14-20). Refer to Appendix A for a sample of the full instrument presenting all 20 items. The DAST indicates that psychometric instrument has both excellent reliability and validity (Corcoran, Fischer, 2007). The estimated internal consistency reliability was calculated with an alpha of .92; however, the manual does not provide any data of test-retest reliability (Corcoran, Fischer). The DAST manual shows both a good discriminant and concurrent validity for the instrument. In terms of discriminant validity, the instrument’s total score accurately and significantly distinguished between the groups with mainly alcohol-related problems from the groups with drug  problems (Corcoran, Fischer). The DAST concurrent validity was examined by its significant correlation of the DAST’s background variables, frequency of drug use within a 12-month time frame, and indices psychopathology (Corcoran, Fischer). Procedure The participants of this study were recruited by two different approaches based on their institutional setting. At state universities, the psychology departments recruited participants through a research database that required all students in a PSYC 101 course to participate in at least 3 studies in which this study was an option. Additionally, faculty and staff at state university counseling centers recruited students whom were receiving counseling services. At the substance abuse rehabilitation and treatment centers, staff recruited current and new patients to participate in the study at their consent. After participants were recruited through their institutional setting and consent, they received two separate emails from the researcher of the present study. The first email was a confirmation email for the individual’s participation. The second email contained a testing packet for the research studying which included the following three components: study consent form, personal questionnaire (age, race, gender, and institutional setting), and the Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST). Participants were asked to complete the entire testing packet and return by email to the research of the study within a week time frame. Once the researcher received the completed testing packets from participants via email, the packets were examined and separated by pre-existing groups based on state accessibility. For example, all participants from the state of Virginia were separated into the no accessibility group. Participants were then additionally divided in to one of the 3 subgroups based on their score on the DAST. The three subgroups were determined based of the following range of scores on the DAST and the individual’s degree of drug use and abuse: mild (scores: 0-7), moderate (scores: 7-14), and serve (scores: 14-20). For the purpose of this study the data was converted to nominal with mild=1, moderate=2, and severe= 3. Once the data was collected  and converted, it was inputted into the IBM SPSS ® 20.0 software to analyze the statistical relationship between marijuana accessibility and drug use/dependency. Results The statistical analysis conducted was a coefficient of contingency in order to analyze the correlation and statistical significance of marijuana accessibility and drug use/dependency. The coefficient of contingency was conducted two separate times examining the statistical significance between no marijuana accessibility (Virginia) to limited marijuana accessibility (California) and then again no accessibility (Virginia) to high accessibility (Colorado). Additionally, analyzing the relationship between each accessibility level and drug use/dependency. Before running the statistical analysis, a frequency table was made to organize the data. The table portrayed how many participants scored in one of the three subgroups (mild, moderate, severe) under each state. Therefore, it was discovered that in the state of Virginia 47 participants fell in the mild, 61 in moderate, and 32 in the severe subgroups. The state of California had 37 participants were in the mild, 66 in the moderate, and 47 in the severe subgroups. Lastly, in the state of Colorado 29 participants were in the mild, 62 in the moderate, and 56 in the severe subgroups. The coefficient of contingency was calculated after the frequency table was formed. The first statistical analysis of Virginia and Colorado computed a contingency coefficient of .716 and statistical significance of .00. The second analysis of Virginia and California computed a contingency coefficient of .775 and a statistical significance of .00. Discussion In conclusion, the results of this study can be interpreted as supporting the researchers purpose and design for this specific study. The frequency table demonstrates that in the state of Virginia which has no permitted accessibility to marijuana that there were more participants who fell in the mild subgroup and fewer participants within the moderate and severe subgroup compare to the two other states. In the state of California, limited accessibility, there were more participants in the moderate subgroup and fewer participants in the mild and severe subgroups. Lastly, in the state of Colorado, high accessibility, there were more participants in the severe  subgroup and fewer participants in the mild and moderate. The two statistical analyses results conveyed additional statistical support for the hypothesis of this study. It was hypothesize that there this a relationship between marijuana accessibility and drug use and dependency, which translates that with an increase in accessibility there will be an increase in use or dependency. Therefore, the statistical analysis of Virginia and Colorado portrayed that there was a .716 correlation that was statistically significant by .00. The analysis of Virginia and California found that there was a .775 correlation that was also statistically significant by .00. Concluding that the null hypothesis was rejected and the research hypothesis was statistically significantly supported. Several suggestions can be made for future research due to the limitations of the present study. First, future studies should attempt to acquire interval data to run a more robust statistical analysis of the collected data. Second, it is suggested that future research studies use multiple assessments to measure both accessibility and drug use. Specially, the researchers recommend the Adult Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Test-3 (SASSI-3) that measures an individual’s probability to abuse or depend on substances. Lastly, a significant gap in the research conveys that there is a need for longitudinal case studies with individuals from states where policies permit recreational use of marijuana in order to accurately discovered whether these individuals are likely to use and/or abuse substances. Appendix A References Corcoran, K., Fischer, J. (2007). Measures for clinical practice: A sourcebook (4th ed., Vol. 2). Oxford University Press. ISBN: 0195314905 or 9780195314908. Fergusson, D. M., Boden, J. M., Horwood, L. (2006). Cannabis use and other illicit drug use: testing the cannabis gateway hypothesis. Addiction, 101(4), 556-569. Hall, W., Lynskey, M. (2005). Is cannabis a gateway drug? Testing hypotheses about the relationship between cannabis use and the use of other illicit drugs. Drug Alcohol Review, 24(1), 39-48. Healy, J. (2012, November 6). Voters Ease Marijuana Laws in 2 States, but Legal Questions Remain. The New York Times. Retrieved from  http://www,nytimes.com Lessem, J. K. (2006). Relationship between Adolescent Marijuana Use and Young Adult Illicit Drug Use. Behavior Genetics, 36(4), 498-506. McCarthy, K. I. (2004). Conversations about Medical Marijuana between Physicians and Their Patients. Journal Of Legal Medicine, 25(3), 333-349. Yacoubian, G. S. (2007). Assessing the Relationship between Marijuana Availability and Marijuana Use: A Legal and Sociological Comparison between the United States and the Netherlands. Journal Of Alcohol Drug Education, 51(4), 17-34.

Importance Of God In Peoples Lives Philosophy Essay

Importance Of God In Peoples Lives Philosophy Essay Text: Thinking about God helps us to resolve many problems of life, provided we take it with faith. We are too much engrossed in our material life, which may benefit in living a life of comfort. However, this alone is not sufficient to remain in peace and achieve true happiness. Much of the troubles in the present time are due to loosing our connection with God that has resulted in dilution of moral values. When people think of God and develop own spiritual beliefs, they will find life is easier. As we bring God in realm of life and depending on how long we search and how deep we delve, we may find answers to the purpose of life. It will bring purpose and sense to many things that are happening in life. We will be less impacted from both pleasures and sufferings. When we feel alone in this life and when the going is rough, it makes us feel depressed and unhappy, unless we feel that someone is there within us to protect and make us sail through not this life but subsequent lives also. Such feelings of loneliness affect our courage, and no amount of positive attitude, behavior changes and strategies could be fully effective to keep life going. It is our spiritual interconnectedness with God that makes us to think God as our companion within us. Thinking about soul is nothing but essence of God within us. It is a force that generates love for human beings. What can be the need of soul other than love? Inner self wishes to connect with others through love. At the time of original creation, everybody has come from one source. Soul is the reflection of that source. The connection with the source can be felt when we realize essence of soul and relate our self with the soul. Soul does not think and feel differently from other fellow beings; it remains connected with other human beings with feeling of love. We cannot feel united with others by any other force but through love. It is difficult to feel oneness with others while continuing to generate hate and ill feelings. It is the love and feelings of love that connects us with other human beings. Remaining connected with God makes us to remain aligned with inner self. We are able to realize the full potential by remaining connected with others through the force of love and compas sion. When we feel that God is within us, we look to inner consciousness for guidance that prompts us to remain on right path. We look to HIM for help that provides hope and makes us to sail through the difficult times with less pain. A person who does not believe in God keeps on thinking about result of his actions and wishes to take charge of his destiny. Failing to get rewards of his effort makes him tense and stressful. He feels to have been deceived and cheated. He blames others and become cynic. However, a different thinking is held by the person who develops faith in God. He does not get bogged down with rewards as his faith in natural justice makes him to believe that divine will take care of him. He prefers to wait for the results of his actions. This is a very positive contribution to our well being from divinity and spirituality. It is similar to the child who loves his or her mother and remains unmindful of own self. He or she looks towards the mother for all the care and support. A person with the faith in God also tries to behave in the similar fashion. He /she takes God like his/her mother to defend and protect in all adversaries. It helps to bring calmness in life. As we realize presence of God or his essence within us, it makes us remain in right direction. We will better avoid doing any thing for momentarily pleasure that will harm our own consciousness. People who believe in spirituality try to remain more sincere in their dealings with others. The advantage of all these are that they face less of conflict, less of inner turmoil, and are better placed to generate happiness. We talk about positive attitudes to make us feel happy. It is not easy to develop positive attitudes and shed negative feelings unless we feel dire inner need. People remain egoistic, selfish, cunning in nature as they do not feel need for inner development. Those who believe in God try to fulfill need of soul to shed negative tendencies. They develop inner need to improve attitudes, develop love and remain humble. The challenges from life can often leave us feeling battered and alone.ÂÂ   A strong belief that we are being guided and supported by God can help feel stronger and better able to cope with difficulties and disappointments. As we believe in rebirth makes a person feel happier and more secure because it derives certain meaning to pain and suffering. We look for results not in only this birth but hope to be rewarded and compensated suitably if not in this birth then in subsequent births. Spiritual beliefs give an expanded view of life that would not otherwise have.ÂÂ   Lack of spiritual beliefs can often give feeling that life is empty and meaningless, while a strong spiritual foundation can help see that there is a deeper meaning.ÂÂ   All human beings like to see purpose and direction in life. As child we seek help from parents and remain happy unmindful of our troubles and worries. Similarly, as we develop faith on God, our perspective of life will undergo change. We will stop to attach too much importance to end results but will believe in right action. It will make us to wait for our rewards with patience. We will derive meaning and comfort even at the times of troubles. All the worldly activities will be accomplished in a state of love and good feelings for others. We will find doing a job as a means to interconnect with others; to provide our services to all the other people; it will not then remain only a mere source of income. We see all other human beings very close to us, thereby reducing interpersonal conflicts and troubles. We will derive more lasting love and comfort from our family, our spouse; it will be a spiritual love that will be unconditional. Mere knowledge on these issues is not sufficient. It is practice to bring essence of God in every aspect of our life that will help in bringing changes desired for living a life filled with calmness, kindness and peace. The main benefit of looking to God is that we will gradually lose the attachment of the material world, and less affected with the worries that go with it. The mind will remain calm. The realization about God and the dormant energy, the soul can do well to our self. This will enable us to realize the divine force that generates positive feelings towards others, and stop our mind wandering here and there. The moment our mind thinks positively about others will provide bliss of peace and calmness. It has to go on a continuous basis so as to derive maximum benefit to reduce the worries from our mind. Dealing with others is affected by ego, superiority complex and selfish tendency. We try to think of own benefit in each and every dealing and interaction with others. Tendency to remain in peace is affected. We think of various things happening at a time and remain worried about any loss of prestige, wealth, status or material comfort. We remain in competition with other people all the time. This is the basic reason of our worries, fear, hate and anger. Thinking about God will reduce negative feelings. This will naturally make us to love others that will do lot of good to our own life. Little irritants that spoil our life will subsidize. When remembering God makes other things happening around us less important. We perform duty towards family in a loving and caring manner. The entire process brings more happiness and peace in our married life. We learn to respect our spouse and not to compete with each other. We need not to fear about our weakness. We reveal true feelings and need not hide anything. We feel protected and see other people as a mirror of our own reflection. The advantage of God is that all the time you remain connected with the pure thought within while performing your duty. We feel whatever we do is being dictated by the power within. We feel our self as non-entity in front of our creator. Hence, we perform duty in a state of surrender. This helps us to avoid ego. The distractive tendencies are reduced. Mind rests and do not wander here and there by constant remembrance and meditation. It is through the process of meditation that we try to bring love of humanity and God.

Child Refugees

Child Refugees Backdrop Half of the worlds refugees are children but their voices are amongst the least heard. Amidst the debate and conflict around refugees and border protection, the rights of refugee children have been neglected. â€Å"We come to a country we heard has human rights and freedoms. We cant believe whats happening to us†¦.We havent any human rights. We are just like animals. We do not have a normal life like a human. Our feeling is dead. Our thinking is dead. We are very sad about everything. We cant smile.† (Ibrahim Ishreti-refugee living on a bridging visa) Australia is a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol and has a proud tradition of sheltering refugees but the current mandatory detention (an essential component) for on-shore arrivals including the children of asylum seekers and unaccompanied minors has enormously damaged its international reputation. Whilst these might be legitimate policy concerns they have led to an approach to asylum seekers that has caused wide community debate and division in Australia. The writer is a Pakistani origin immigrant in Australia. Pakistan considers a poorest country of the world host over a million Afghan refugees enjoying ample freedoms, however in Australia where the number of unauthorized arrivals has never been much more than 4000 in any one year are placed indefinitely in detention camps with limited access to services, hence the motive for selecting this topic. Key Aspects of the Policy The major policy objectives of mandatory detention have been to have â€Å"ordered† approach to immigration and to ensure that Australian borders are secure. But little or no consideration has been given to the impact of these polices on the children who are caught up in them. That policy ââ€"  Denies internationally recognised fundamental human rights to all the children of particular social group;ââ€"  Locks up, behind razor wire, children who have committed no crime;ââ€"  And fails to recognises the vulnerability and special needs of these children. The fundamental purpose of childrens rights is to identify children as human beings who because of their vulnerability and special needs require special protection. To address this special status the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) was developed. The UNCRC to which Australia is a party (1990), decrees that a child seeking refugee status is to receive appropriate protection and humanitarian assistance. Refugee children share certain universal rights with all other people; have additional rights as children and particular rights as refugees. It provides a comprehensive framework to guide the development of policy and practices that relate to children. Irrespective of where people stand on the Australian Governments broad asylum seekers policy it is an undeniable fact that any form of detention applying to children is a breach of their rights. In the terms of UNCRC the imprisonment of these children is either â€Å"cruel and inhuman treatment† or at the very least â€Å"harsh treatment†. Both of which are unacceptable under the terms of the convention. Detention compounds the effect of previous trauma and exacerbates the grief and loss that these children have already suffered whether they are accompanied or unaccompanied in their flight to Australia. UNCRC The UNCRC articulate that holding children in detention shall be used as a measure of last resort and only for the shortest possible time. But in Australia, detention is the first and only resort and for an indefinite period of time. We are letting these children down by neglecting this provision of the UNCRC. The difficult lives these children have suffered at the hands of their won governments or fellow beings are beyond the comprehension of most Australians. Yet we compound that damage by allowing children to spend their formative years in detention . Keeping children in mandatory detention is denial of their internationally recognised basic human rights. Childrens developmental needs which are a fundamental reality often not considered in relief efforts. In order to grow and develop normally, a child has certain age-specific requirements that must be satisfied. Basic health care, nutrition and education are generally recognised as necessary for the physical and intellectual developmental of children. Beyond these, however, healthy psychosocial development depends in large measure on the nurturing and stimulation that children receive as they grow, and on the opportunities that they have to learn and master new skills. For refugee children, healthy psychosocial development also requires coping effectively with the multiple trauma of loss, uprooting and often more damaging experiences. Hence, tragic long-term consequences may result where childrens developmental needs are not adequately met. Challenges and/or Controversies The Australian public is not generally informed about international obligations towards refugees and the many false perceptions that migrants are a major cause of economic and social problems remain largely unchallenged. In many instances, the government has demonized asylum seekers in emotive language and as a result many people consider that refugees are lairs, criminals, ‘forum shoppers, welfare cheats and queue jumpers . The terminology of ‘queue jumper does not exist in international law nor does it exist in other countries. Australia has adopted it simply because it prefers to offer refugee status to a carefully selected number of people from overseas countries and it does not like being forced to consider applications from those it had not already selected. Australia, in comparison with most other western societies, has a small number of children arriving, nevertheless, in relation to the total number of asylum seekers arriving, children remain a significant percentage. Some travel with parents or guardians and other often travel alone (identified as unaccompanied). Regardless of the motive, children have no choice in the decision that has led them to be vulnerable to the notions of a new authority. The overriding principle, contained in Article 3 of UNCRC the Best Interests of the Child: In all actions concerning children, weather undertakenby public or private social welfare institutions, courtsof law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies,the best interest of the child shall be a primary consideration. Various laws in Australia mention the Bets Interest of the Child and propose to support this principle. The law that relates to onshore asylum seekers is not one of these laws. The Migration Amendment Act of 1992 identifies asylum seekers as designated persons. Section 189 states that a designated person must be detained during the processing of their refugee status and Section 192 goes on to identify two options for release obtaining a Temporary Protection Visa or being deported. Under this section everyone is detained until they are either accepted or rejected as refugees, regardless of age or infirmity. This is where politics becomes involved in childrens rights and immigration detention of children where the Act does not make any distinction between the immigration status of adults and children and therefore there is no legal status between adults and their children and no difference in their treatment. This is of course dismisses the idea of the ‘best interests of the ch ild. Childrens needs cannot be met in isolation. They are normally met most effectively within the context of family and community. Moreover a childs welfare is closely linked to the health and security of the primary caregiver. It is therefore, necessary to strengthen the capacities of refugee families to meet their own needs and improve the participation and situation of adult refugees particularly women, thereby contributing significantly to the welfare of their children. Selection of one challenge and its reflection on policy based solution Best Interest In relation to the refugee children whether accompanied or unaccompanied the primary goals of any action or program must be: †¢ To ensure the protection and healthy development of all children†¢ To achieve durable solutions which are appropriate to the immediate and long term developmental needs of children.While there is no one definition of what will be in the best interests of each and every child, a childs ability to enjoy all of his or her rights in a given environment is a good indication of whether the childs best interests are being met. Furthermore, the UNCRC also doesnt explicitly define ‘best interest it is clear that in the case of actions and decisions affecting a child; it is the best interests of that individual child which must be taken into account rather than children generally. The childs best interests†¦..must be the subject of active consideration. It needs to be demonstrated that childrens interests have been explored and taken into account as a primary consideration. The ‘best interests principle is reiterated in article 9(1) of the UNCRC states that children should never be separated from their parents against their will except when ‘necessary for the best interests of the child. The interaction between the ‘best interests principle, family unity and immigration can be enlightened by referring preamble of the UNCRC providing a reference point by recognizing that: â€Å"[T]he child, for the full and harmonious development ofhis of her personality, should grow up in a family environment,in an atmosphere of happiness, love and understanding†. In order to support the best interests of the refugee children many of the obligations under the UNCRC are relevant for instance, protection from violence, the highest attainable standards of physical and mental health, special care for children with disabilities, education, keeping confidentiality of their personal information, non-discrimination, recreation and the right to full cultural life (including language) are all factors that create a nurturing environment. Incorporating Children voices into policy debate The idea of childrens participation gained currency due to UNCRC. This legal instrument grants children civil, political, social, economic and cultural rights. Articles 12-15 are interpreted as conferring on children the right to participate in their societies. This includes the right to have their views heard in matters affecting them; the right to freedom of expression, information, religion and conscience; and the right to form associations. The UNCRC marks a change from understanding children as objects of adult interventions designed to meet their developmental needs, towards a construction of children as rights holders with the ability to participate in defining their own requirements for well being . Refugees children being most vulnerable members of Australian society, they should have the right to have their fundamental need for shelter, food, physical and emotional care and education met, and to live freely and securely within a society that values and protects them. It is the responsibility of Government and communities to ensure these needs are met if a childs family/caregiver cannot or will not protect their rights. But due to their protracted legal status refugee children have spoken loud and clear. The welfare of kids in immigration detention is jeopardized because the three agencies supposedly caring for them the federal government, the private correctional firm that runs the detention centres and the state government wont consider childrens interests before their own. Where are the kids in this picture while the adults are fighting with each other over jurisdictional and policy issues? They are unheard and ignored. It proves that these children have worries, distress and concern for their unresolved legal situation and their inability to move towards an integration into the Australian community. Many children describe themselves as happy, good, but detailed their depression and distress that accompanied being in a limbo situation. The non-resolution of their migration or refugee situation was their paramount concern. The current manifestations of distress, while particularly concerning are equalled by the knowledge of the long term impact of ‘not belonging; to a community; to a state and to a nation If a child cannot access normal citizenship, then their ability to grow emotionally and integrate themselves into their new country is diminished. These children have the possibility of becoming adults with a sense of frustration and anger that will impact on their lives and will impact on our lives in the Australian community in the forthcoming years. [NOTE: the writer considers the points of this paragraph as specifics impacting her local area of residence surrounded by refugee children] Conclusion Refugee children, just like our won children, need access to education and health care, and have the right to live with their families and be reunited with them when separated. They are entitled to a safe environment, free from fear and intimidation. Why do we recognize this for our won children but deny it for Iraqi, Afghan and Iranian children? We must take them into the community where they can play, learn and grow. At least when our children look back on this time and ask us what we did to stand up for refugee kids, we can say we gave them their childhood .

Cancer Essay -- essays research papers fc

Cancer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Right now, cancer is one of the most feared diseases in the world. In the early 1990s almost 6 million new cancer cases developed and more than 4 million deaths from cancers occurred. Also more than one-fifth of all deaths were caused by cancer and it has been predicted, by the American Cancer Society, that about 33% of Americans will eventually develop this disease. This is a huge disease that is killing people all over the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The field of cancer study is called Oncology. The government has spent billions of dollars on research of this fatal disease. Cancer is the most aggressive disease of a larger class known as neoplasms. Neoplasms do not fully comply with the parts of the cell that control the growth and functions of the cell. These cells eventually become abnormal growths and can be recognized as not normal tissue. These traits are passed down as the cell reproduces therefore spreading the cancer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Neoplasms are generally classified into two groups: malignant and benign. Malignant tumors, or abnormal tissue, grow more rapidly than benign tissue and they invade normal tissue. Benign tissue is structured similar to normal tissue while malignant tissue is abnormal and has an unstructured appearance. Of greater importance, benign tissue does not metastasize, or begin to grow in other sites, like malignant tumors do. Cancer always refers to metastasized tumors but the term tumor is not always necessarily cancer. A tumor is any living tissue that is distinguishable as abnormal living tissue. After a cancer forms, it can also change from a benign to a malignant state, therefore making the cell grow at a more rapid rate. The development of the cell starts when it forms notable abnormalities in chromosomes and then multiplies exceedingly. Then metastasis usually occurs and generally causes the death of the host. There are many different cancers which form on just about all parts of the body. In the US, skin cancer is the most common cancer, then prostate cancers in males, and then breast cancer in women. Leukemia is clearly the dominant cancer in children. The number one killing cancer in the world today is lung cancer, mostly caused by the smoking of cigarettes. Some researchers have stated that if Americans stopped smoking, lung-cancer deaths could disintegrate within two decades. Stomach cancer is ... ...e cancerous legions in the body. The second is radiation therapy, which uses radiation to try and kill the tumor. One of the main problems with that is not only does it kill cancerous tissue, it also kills healthy ones. The third way to treat cancer is chemotherapy, which is treatment by chemical agents. The chance of complete cure is not common but it is usually used to increase the life of the carrier. The desired effect of treatment in cancer patients is remission, where the cancer is gone from your body and if it does not return within 5 years it is considered cured.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Right now the government is spending huge sums of money on cancer research. They are continuously finding cures and finding better ways to treat and deal with cancer. Research has come very far and helped many people fight cancers. Thanks to all the work done, cancer is still a dreaded disease but is now curable which gives many people faith in recovery. Bibliography Compton’s Encyclopedia(1992). Cancer . Chicago: Compton’s Learning Company Encyclopedia Britannica(1992). Cancer. Chicago: Encyclopedia Brittanica, Inc. American Cancer Society website(1996): http://www.cancer.org/acs.html

Roddy Doyle :: essays research papers

Roddy Doyle is an amazing writer and is seen by his friends as a studious-looking and down-to-earth kind of guy. He is one of the new breed of young Irish artists who came of age in the 1960’s and 1970’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Roddy Doyle was born in May of 1958 in the northern Dublin suburb of Kilbarrack, Ireland. From Roddy Doyle’s point of view, he seemed to have had a happy childhood, especially when he told an interviewer, â€Å" There are memories of my own childhood, running through a field and seeing pheasants fly up, balls of dust under the kitchen table, and my parents happily married.† He also said talking about his childhood that â€Å"The place was mine, and the time was mine.† He was raised in a middle-class family, quite different from the gritty, working-class characters in his books. He attended St. Fintan’s Christian Brothers School in Sutton and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts. He continued his education at University College, Dublin, where he achieved a Bachelors degree in English and geography. He undertook teacher training at Greendale Community School, in Kilbarrack, and after getting certified, he became a member of that schoolâ€⠄¢s faculty. He taught fourteen years at Greendale, where he was known to his students as â€Å"Punk† Doyle because of the earring and the Doc Martens boots he wore. Doyle is currently married to Belinda Doyle and has two sons, Rory and Jack Doyle. Since 1993, Doyle has been dedicated to writing full time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Doyle’s first novel came in the 1980’s. The novel was titled Your Granny’s a Hunger Striker; Doyle said it was â€Å"brilliant,† but after that it went completely downhill. Later in the 80’s, approximately 1986, he published the first successful novel of his writing career. The name of it was The Commitments, which, with the help of a friend, he published himself under the â€Å"King Farouk† imprint, and sold himself. One copy of his book landed at William Heinemann, a London-based publishing house. Heinemann enjoyed the book so much he decided to publish it himself in 1987. Two years later, Random House published the book in the United States. This was Doyle’s big start. After his success he wrote two more novels, The Snapper, and The Van. The Van was such a well written novel that it was a finalist for the 1991 Booker Prize Award. Finally in 1993, success struck again.

Rogers Diffusion and Adoption Research Essay -- Research Papers Techn

Rogers' Diffusion and Adoption Research Why do technology initiatives fail despite their promises and boundless possibilities? From integrating technology in education to introducing technological innovation in agriculture, users acceptance presents a complex set of challenges to innovation diffusion. According to Everett Rogers, one reason why there is so much interest in the diffusion of innovations is because "getting a new idea adopted, even when it has obvious advantages, is very difficult" (Rogers, 1995, p. 1). In the instructional technology field, the rapid advances in information technology urges on the educational reform. This reform created a need for more research in the educational application of technology as well as in the adoption and diffusion of instructional technology. According to Surry (1995), there are three reasons why the study of diffusion theory is beneficial to the field of instructional technology. First, most instructional technologists lack the knowledge of why their products are or are not adopted. Surry (1995) believes a study of diffusion theory could rectify this situation. Second, the field of instructional technology is often associated with the concept of innovations. Surry (1995) suggested that if instructional technologists understand the adoption and diffusion of innovation theory, they will be more prepared to work effectively with potential adopters. Third, Surry (1995) concluded the studies of the diffusion theory could result in developing a system atic model of adoption and diffusion for the instructional technology field. As instructional technologists, not only do we need to create well-designed products, we need to ensure the adoption of these produc... ... instructional technology. In G.J. Anglin (Ed.), Instructional technology: Past, present, and future (2nd ed.). Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited. Lefebvre, E. & Lefebvre, L. (1996). Information and telecommunication technologies: The impact of their adoption on small and medium-sized enterprises. Retrieved July 4, 1999 from the World Wide Web: http://www.idrc.ca/books/focus/807/807.html Rogers, E.M. (1995). Diffusion of innovations (4th ed.) New York: The Free Press. Schiffma, S.S. (1991). Instructional systems design: Five view of the field. In G.J. Anglin (Ed.), Instructional technology: Past, present, and future (2nd ed.). Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited. Surry, D.W. (1997). Diffusion theory and instructional technology. Retrieved July 6, 1999 from the World Wide Web: http://www.gsu.edu/~wwwitr/diffusion/index.html

Brene Brown – the Power of Vulnerability

1. Summarize the â€Å"Ted† talk: Brene Brown, Ph. D. , LMSW, a self-purported â€Å"shame-and-vulnerability expert†, is a research professor at the University of Houston, Graduate College of Social Work. Focusing the last ten years of her studies on the topics of vulnerability, courage, authenticity, and shame, Brene Brown’s work has been featured on PBS, CNN, NPR, and most notably TED.In her TED talk, she shares the findings of her lengthy qualitative research, a massive collection of interviews including a colorful rendition of her own personal struggles, on the idea of human connection which she states â€Å"fundamentally expanded her perception† and has â€Å"changed the way she lives, loves, works and parents†. Her touching account of her personal struggles with this research centers around her views of vulnerability, which Brown summarizes as our â€Å"ability to empathize, belong, and love†.Brown digs even deeper into her exploration of shame and vulnerability, and how they act as obstacles in one's pursuit of true happiness. Brown draws together her ideas in a concept she labels â€Å"Wholeheartedness†, and illustrates her theory on how to engage in our lives from a place of authenticity and worthiness. 2. Identify the assumptions made by the speaker: To summarize her concept of â€Å"Wholeheartedness†, Brown begins her talk on the topic of ‘Connection’. We are hardwired to connect with others, it’s what gives purpose and meaning to our lives† explains Brown, that in order to allow connection to happen, â€Å"we have to allow ourselves to be seen as we are, not presenting only the parts we think others will like†. During Brown’s research on connection, she elaborated on the idea that we often fear being disconnected from others, which she describes as the meaning of ‘shame’. We often feel shame and fear when we feel that we may become disconnect ed from others.Brown decided to take a one-year detour from her research to explore â€Å"shame† in depth, unexpectedly resulting in six long years of what she quotes as â€Å"the most important things she has ever learned in the decade of her research†. Brown discovered thru her interviews that there were two distinct groups of individuals with only one variable separating the two groups: a sense of ‘Worthiness’, which she defines as â€Å"a strong sense of love and belonging†. Brown explains that the one thing that keeps us from connection is the fear that we are not worthy of connection.While digging deeper into the minds of those individuals whom had a strong sense of worthiness, what she found in common was their sense of ‘Courage’. Brown reveals her participants â€Å"had the courage to be imperfect, the compassion to be kind to themselves first and then to others,† further stating â€Å"they had a connection as result of authenticity, they were willing to let go of who they thought they should be in order to be who they were,† which she theorizes you absolutely have to do in order for connection to happen.Moving on to the group of participants who struggled with worthiness, Brown stumbles on the concept of ‘vulnerability’, which she describes as the core of shame and fear, and why we struggle with vulnerability. Having to see her own therapist to sort out her ideas on vulnerability, she explains that to be seen lets us build that connection with others which often means that we may find ourselves â€Å"excruciatingly  vulnerable†. â€Å"We live in a vulnerable world† states Brown, and in order to cope with these emotions, we numb ourselves†.Brown theorizes that by numbing everything, we feel miserable and look for purpose and meaning, we feel vulnerable and then reach for something to ease our discomfort, a quick-fix, such as alcohol, drugs, or even food. Bro wn’s assumptions are summarized in her overall theory of ‘Wholeheartedness’: We must have the courage to allow ourselves to be seen even if it means we are vulnerable. To do so allows us to have compassion to connect with ourselves and others. 3. Describe any evidence given to support these assumptions. Brown explains that there is evidence of her theory of vulnerability. We are the most in-debt, obese, addicted and medicated adult cohort in US history† states Brown. She summarizes this evidence with the statements that â€Å"we make the uncertain – certain†. â€Å"There is no discourse explains Brown, no discussion, just a right or wrong answer†, which she compares to what we see in current day religion and politics. She goes on to further explain that we not only â€Å"perfect and blame†, but that we also â€Å"pretend† that what we do does not have an affect or impact on others, both in our personal lives and even the c orporate world.This is evident by such dealings as the BP Oil Spill, the recent bail-outs, recalls on retail products, etc. She draws the association of how common shame is using her own experiences, and how it contributes to our anxiety and unhappiness which all to many of us attempt to suppress with the use of medication , food, drugs or alcohol to suppress these unwanted feelings. 4. Are there points of view not considered by the speaker? Explain. Although Brown’s assumptions of human’s need for connection, our fears of shame and vulnerability are legitimate, these assumptions are based on â€Å"surfacey† feelings.Brown does not consider variables outside of our control, variables such as life experience stemming perhaps from early childhood or adolescence, witnessing or partaking in traumatic events, or any other life experience that effectively molds these feelings of unworthiness. Brown herself instructs her own therapist not to dig into her own family lif e, no â€Å"childhood sh*t†, she just wanted to touch on the subject of vulnerability so that she could â€Å"personally and professionally understand† what makes us â€Å"worthy† of connection without digging below the surface.Opening up pandora’s box would most certainly result in much grittier results. 5. State your position or perspective on the topic. I genuinely agreed with Brown’s talking points in her TED discussion, and I related to her own descriptions of her fallbacks of self-control, ie: the need to always be right or better, and her fear of shame. The manner in which Brown unfolded her findings of her dedicated research clearly illustrated her theories. Drawing together her conclusions in her concept of â€Å"wholeheartedness† was clever and purposeful.However, the subject matter was very generalized and did not reflect real-life experience as a cause of such feelings of unworthiness or vulnerability, although it was helpful in nature. I personally view the discussion more as â€Å"self-help† collection of ideas that you might find quoted in a calendar or collection of daily passages to motivate yourself that you are worthy of connection, to allow yourself to be vulnerable, to open up yourself without the hesitation of risk. 6. What are the implications or consequences of the speaker’s conclusions?Brown’s ideas are similar to what addicts are taught in rehabilitation-type settings. Addicts generally numb their feelings of unworthiness with substances such as drugs, alcohol, or food, or by actions or disruptive behaviors that allow them to release these feelings such as sex or pornography addicts and arsonists. However, once a traumatic event unfolds or an addict or even a non-addict experiences a trigger, or something that reminds them of their original feelings of unworthiness, individuals tend to fall back on their addictions or behaviors, relying even more on their numbing effects.I believe one can only tell themselves so much what they want to believe before they face what they feel to be the truth of themselves or how they view themselves. A consequence of Brown’s ideas to tell ourselves to love with our whole hearts, to allow ourselves be to be seen, and to believe we are enough, could potentially lead one to a false sense of self, an inflated idea of who they are. Generally, individuals feel unworthy for a reason, due to their upbringing or life experience. In a perfect world, Brown’s ideas would be enough to self-medicate our ill wills.

File Management in Unix Essay

When it comes to UNIX systems all user data is organized and stored in levels. These cross- excites atomic number 18 by and by organized into a management social structure comprising of directories and sub-directories. Much like forest and organizational units when it comes to active directory, UNIX as well as has the directories and sub-directories organized into a tree-like structure that it calls a file system. UNIX also has three basic types of files.When it comes to security files sight be secured through UNIX file licences as well as access require lists (ACLs). One of the most important topics to carry on in mind when giving permissions is to chip in file and directory possessorship. Traditional UNIX file permissions sewer assign ownership to three sectionalizationes of users that are user, group, and others. The user class is usually the file or directory owner, and that is the individual that created the file.The owner of a file disregard patch up who has the serious to have the file, or control the readiness to write the file which means they advise cite changes. This is effective if you had an organization that has flipper thousand employees and you only wanted four-spot thousand nine-hundred ninety state to have permission to view and/or guide into changes. Another ability that the owner has is to decide if the file is a command or to execute the file. Groups are where you back tooth devote a number of users together to point permissions.It is an effective counseling to manage policies for users. The others class is all other users who are not the file owner and are not members of the group. An important thing to note is that the owner of a file idler usually assign or modify file permissions. Additionally the root account can change a files ownership to override system policy. In UNIX there are four contrary types of file permissions. The first permission is read and it designates which users can open and read t he limit of a file only, but cannot make any changes.The second is the write permission, and that designates which users can modify the contents of a file or even delete the file. The undermentioned file permission that can be given is the execute permission. This permission designates which users can execute the file if it is a architectural plan or shell script. Another thing it does is that those individuals with this permission can also run the program with one of the exec system calls. The denied permission designates which users cannot read, write, or execute file.The types of file permissions hire to regular files, and to special file such as devices, sockets, and named pipes (FIFOs). A great way for any business organization to shelter their files effective and to ensure that only people that have the need to access the take away is information is to apply the few tutelary measure that was discussed. You can protect the files in a directory by setting sumptuary file permission on that directory.