Scene comparison between the movie Il Gattopardo (The Leopard by Essay

Scene comparison between the movie Il Gattopardo (The Leopard by Visconti) and the novel - Essay Example The battle scenes, was developed from various Italy regions depending on the armies constitution that were involved in the battles. The resulting movie captivated all the senders. The film has recreated the atmosphere of19th century in a thorough manner; on their fittings and interiors, time of day, color, scorching heat, coolness search, and the dust that covers the noble when making their way to the Castle Donnafugata, the cloths used, the coaches interior, and the filthy cloak of clergyman, the furniture, and the single frame of the ball sequence accounts for a quarter of the film and which seems to be unending. This is the world that is portrayed by the author, in the disappearing verge, and in the look of the most proustian film that has ever been shot. For the miracle to achieve a collection of outstanding talents was collected veterans seasoned by multiple Viscotian battles. The Palermo aristocrats played in the sequence of dance but also lent the producer a lot of mise-en-sce ne. The film is the work where the author challenges the impossible, selecting to recreate realistically events which took a century earlier. The achievement of the author is magnificent that it appears the various echoes of 19th century outlook in the film have not been highlighted. The painting on the wall of the house participated in a dialogue with the prince of Salina and protagonists. During the dancing break, while contemplating a Jean Baptista famous painting. The prince of Salim is involved in death attempt for the first time and he imagines the next departure of young Tancredi. In the film, the director appeared to embrace contradictions. How did the Italian neorealism progenotir, which emphasizes the mise en scene naturalistic, eventually move towards making the operatic costume dramas and grand? According to Salvador Dali, he describes the producer and the communist that like luxury. The multiple questions are generated when watching the film. To fully understand the puz zle, the film story need not be told without mentioning its source (novel). The historical time is Risorgimento; collection of conflicts that resulted to the formation of a single political entire of Italy, and within the events of the 1860 that same the Garibaldi’s army helped by local militia that rebelled against the Bourbon

Television And American Society Essay Example for Free

Television And American Society Essay Introduction Television Programs are aimed at entertainment. In the United States, most of the television programs in existence with the stated aims and objectives, owe their initial background to the practical situation and past experiences encountered by the blacks. When blacks are mentioned, the issue of racial discrimination automatically opens chapter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The initial situation and experiences of the blacks is characterized by racial discrimination.   The initial social positions, the blacks were housemaids, whites’ cooks, whites’ â€Å"mammies† and other sorts of servants.    They were also seen as con artists and even deadbeats.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The technology of the televisions came up in some environment, which was completely unfamiliar to these blacks. The blacks occupied less inferior positions of baby sitters and nurturers for the white, to cater and manage the households of the whites and to the greater degree, restoration of balance and harmony in the house holds of the whites.   The whites were very comfortable to entrust the black on these roles.   However, more responsible social and civic responsibilities were denied the blacks by the whites. (Durham Kellner, 450) The blacks had an appreciated talent to amuse the whites through humor and this is the most significant tool to their success in the maintenance of humor in television programs. The black and the Whites occupied separate and unequal worlds in their existence, in terms of material and discursive attributes. Television programs and Blackness The programs aimed at entertainment in the United States are a good avenue to pass the information on intertextual and autobiographical issues of the blacks. (Durham Kellner, 452)   The blacks possesses an inherent talent of creating humor in a show whose amusement is so strong as to blind the culturally offensive message put across by the show.   The show exhibing blackness covers the institutional and cultural programs all of which are characterized by race and gender. The centre of interest in these television programs is the African American in all areas of its setting; aesthetic, context and narrative.   (Newcomb, 564)   The highlights of the entertainment programs usually attack fields such as class, gender, religion, colour and culture all visionalized, in the dominant angel of social location and cultural context to the African American (Williams, 110) The television program raises an attitude of hegemony whereby social and cultural forces emerge as influencing factors of political rule and domination.   Through these television entertainment programs, the actors make use of their physical and material resources, very inherent and talented towards an entertainment to others.   The recipient society interprets the presentation as an art, an entertainment or leisure. These people see the natural world as being internal to them and also in direct personal relationships with other people they encounter.   (Williams, 112) According to hegemony dominant messages inherent in African Americans are disguised as fictional entertainment in the United States.   These are a great assumption taken with respect to this scenario that the sender and the receiver interpret the message of the program in the same understanding.   The sender is making use of the inherent talent of humor and experience to come up with a message whose consequences are of political concern, since the control of these messages is a form of political control.   The audience of the program may come up with multiple meanings of the message that were not a priory.   Examined, controlled for or asked for (Newcomb, 565)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The television programs are a form of ritual communication whose aim and goal is to maintain the society and to represent the shared beliefs of the society.   The programs create an invisibility of the African American and an authorized representation by the white of the blackness. The television programs portray blackness and black themes for the purposes of entertainment to the whites due to the humorous attribute associated with the Africans.   The white producers take this advantage of audience appreciation and they stage the African humor at the expense of blacks.   The black Americans are left suffering out of the social problems confronting them.   The humor in the programs is out of the programs highlights of racism and sexism, which have got great social impact and cultural meaning to the audience. (Williams, 110) The programs present blacks playing subservient roles in the society and stereotyping the blacks while still the humor out these is enjoyed.   In first instances amusement created by the program blinds the offensive side.   Cultural and racial politics in the programs is the cause of humor to the whites.   The programs cores are further unfair to the African Americans by considering just as minor and a coincidental theme of the play, the social and the cultural facts of â€Å"blackness† It is the responsibility of every means of communication to uplift the ethical and moral standards of the society.   This target is practically defeated by the television programs aimed at entertaining the audience as part of leisure.   The televisions present programs, which highlight the use of drugs. Involvement in sex, acts of rebellion and extreme deviance behavior of the individuals. These issues are humorous and attract the audience but the far reaching consequences are towards the lowering of the ethical and moral standards of the society.   The programs also exhibit a sense of upward social mobility of the blacks and the replacement of black urban poverty with middle class affluence and yet retain the humor of the audience.   (Newcomb, 568)   Conflicts as age and suspicion based on race and colour are associated to the central elements of the contemporary America way of life by the programs.   This portrays the life of Americans to be a type of middle class family life (Newcomb, 569) The Americans are making all efforts to fight all form of racial and class discrimination.   The Americans are also determined to fight gender discrimination in terms of sex and age.   The social ills of drug abuse sexual abuse, deviance and rebellion are also practically out of the Americans policies.   However the television programs structure and viewpoint are contributing factors to defeat these aims and objectives. They portray to the world what is the position of African Americans, which is not a part of the modern American society.   The views and perspectives of these programs highlight the social locations and experiences subjected to the African Americans.   The program highlight situation comedy, variety, talks among others, which in totality operate vividly, and comfortably within the conventional and aesthetic boundaries of African Americans. (Newcomb, 570)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Morality issues circumvent around racism and this is a representation of the blacks in the society as per the television programs in the United States.   The television programs also features badly on the state of education and unemployment as negatively affecting the African Americans in the urban areas of the United States.   The programs also fail to address some very crucial issues that affect so many blacks in the United States. The audiences are not restricted to the programs representation of the African Americans and therefore they should be examined and their effects of derailing the meanings and pleasures correctly checked. The blacks’ presence in the United States is threatened with race, gender, class and power and inequalities related to these are a result of prejudice. (Newcomb, 571) Racial invisibility and colour blindness integrate Black characters into hegemonic white worlds.   This appeal to visions of colour blindness and universal harmony.   The uniqueness of the blacks in the shows is the appealing factor to create humor and a sense of fitness in a normative television universe.   The inherent victimization, anger and irrationality in the blacks at the shows, due to the pains of exclusion from society are a cause of humor to the audience.   This in the truest sense is racial prejudice.   (Durham Kellner, 447)   In the programs the whites acts the position of sympathizers for the elimination of this prejudice. The programs subvert American values bearing in mind that the effect of any communication is to persuade the audience to change attitudes, to modify behaviour and to take part in socialization. Any form of communication helps to maintain the values of a society and to represent the shared beliefs. These programs are responsible for production of dominant ideologies so influential as to take the audience into a dreamland. (Williams, 110) Conclusion The programs bring out the blacks as living simple and linearly dimensional lives in a segregated universe.   They are seen to be subjected to the challenges of domestic lives such as child rearing, embarrassments, and awkward situations among others.   Modern America is reduced to ancient behaviours of race relationships characterized by conflict, tension and apartheid and the African Americans dependent on cultural pluralism.   These programs make use of cultural politics within blackness to constantly modify the African Americans life, and comprehensively explain the position of an American from the point of view of an African American. Works cited page Horace Newcomb. Television the critical view. Oxford University press, New York Oxford. 2000. Meenakshi Gigi Durham,   Douglas M. Kellner. Media and Cultural Studies. Blackwell publishers.2001 Raymond Williams. Marxism and Literature. Oxford University press New York. 1997

Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire :: Williams Street Car Streetcar Essays

Tennessee Williams' "A Streetcar Named Desire" The play 'A Street Car Named Desire' by Tennessee Williams has many characters with different personalities. One character that seems to play an important part in this play is Stanley. The ruff and hardened blunt husband of Stella, this is shown to us in the first two scenes introduces this character to the audience, and shows his attitude towards the environment that he lives in. Through out the following I shall be discussing about how Tennessee Williams introduces Stanley to the audience and this helps us learn about him. At the beginning of the first scene the audience meets Stanley, Tennessee presents Stanly and a friend (Mitch) as 'They are about twenty-eight or thirty years old roughly dressed in blue denim work clothes'. This gives us an immediate impression of a classic American working class guy, that doesn't have an impressive education record. Tennessee shows another example that 'Stanley' is of a low status, when he addresses 'Stella' as 'Baby!'. This shows the audience that Stanley is not being rude, but it is just the way in which he has developed his vocabulary in a slang street manor. It also shows the audience that he shows little respect even with the use of this slang terminology. Another aspect that the audience will learn about Stanley is that he is adored by his wife 'Stella' this is shown when she asks Stanley if she can come and watch him play bowling. This would not be normal behavior of average women in the time since, the time when the play is set bowling was to be a manly sport. However one is left to wonder whether if Stanley simply draws women to him in this idealistic way. This extravagant entrance for the character Stanley , makes the audience feel that he has an important influence in the play. Stanley is portrayed as a womanizer, and he carries on with this practice even after he knows that his wife is pregnant. It's bad enough that he is carrying on with this when he has a wife. The audience is made to feel that Stella knows of his habits of purposely attracting women and flirting ass it has to have been the same way he got involved with Stella. This could be a suggestion of why Stella asked him if she could join him and watch at the bowling alley. Stanley is portrayed as the man you love to hate, he is thee man that men want to be and the ruff end qualities women drawn to. Even though he hasn't been brought in the rich heritage the Stella and her sister

Facing the Facebook “Responce”

Facing the Facebook â€Å"Response† I’ve realized technology is very helpful now days but in the classrooms it’s more distracting than anything else. As Michael J. Bugeja stated in â€Å"Facing the Facebook†, Academics assessing learning outcomes often discover that technology is as much a distraction in the classroom as a tool. I catch myself checking my phone in class every now and then but when I do I miss out on what the instructor is teaching.Technology is a great tool for us to learn and gather information but when you put technology in the classroom it becomes more distracting than helpful. It isn’t rare to look around the classroom and see a few classmates on their cell phones, laptop or any other electronic device. Although instead of using technology to do research on the topic being discussed in class, most use it as a form of entertainment, which makes it hard to pay attention to the lecture being given by the instructor.As Bugejaâ€℠¢s essay tells the readers, â€Å"Increasingly, however, our networks are being used to entertain members of â€Å"The Facebook Generation† who text- message during class, talk on their cell phones during labs, and listen to iPods rather than guest speakers in the wireless lecture hall†. I’ve had my own personal experience where technology distracted me from learning and taking the proper notes for a test. Instead of paying attention to the instructor, I was texting a girl I had just met while the instructor was lecturing.That conversation made me miss out on the material that was going to be tested on. I ended up failing the test because I didn’t know what it was about. Not only does technology distract students, I’ve also witnessed a lot of my classmates fail the entire course because they got caught cheating on a test using their cell phones. As Bugeja said, â€Å"Professors and librarians encounter improper use of technology by students, and s ome of those cases go to judiciary officials who enforce the student code. † Before taking any test my instructor would always tell everybody to turn off the phones.I guess my friend didn’t have enough time to study for the final so he wrote a lot of the information given in class over the test in his phone. He forgot to put the phone on silent so when he received a text message it made a noise and the instructor heard. His phone got confiscated immediately and the instructor saw all the notes that he had wrote down. Not only did he fail the final for cheating he also failed the entire course. Now days if a student doesn’t use technology in class or isn’t involved in any social network sites, he or she may feel left out.As Michael Tracey said â€Å"One student chirped: ‘Ask them how many use Facebook. ‘ I did. Every hand in the room went up. She then said: ‘Ask them how many used it today. ‘ I did. Every hand in the room went up. I was amazed. † Searching for somebody on facebook is a lot easier now days then trying to look them up in a phone book. Everybody has a facebook so it’s pretty easy to find an old classmate. One time during lunch some friends and I were bringing up memories from high school and started wondering what happened to a particular person.I decided to search for her on facebook and in less than 5 minutes I found her. Technology is very distracting but at the same time its also very helpful. Overall technology is a great tool for us to learn and gather information. Books teach you all there is to know about everything but lets say you have a specific question its a lot more convenient to go online and use a search engine such as Google to answer the question rather than reading an entire book. But when you put technology in a classroom it becomes more distracting than helpful.

Psychological Factors in Health Essay

Psychological Factors in Health By Samantha Weitzell Axia College of the University of Phoenix Contracting an illness rather it be the flu, a cold, or even heart disease can have many factors, some including genetic and lifestyle. Most of us only look at genetic factors when it comes to our health. If our grandmother had cancer then we will probably contract it as well. This is not entirely true, studies show that behavior, culture, environmental and stress can make a big difference in our health. Chapter 4 in our book states the multicultural model is â€Å"The belief that health and illness are a function of multiple factors involving biological, psychological, and cultural domains, and their interactions† (Axia College, 2009, Week Four reading). When we think about psychological factors such as anxiety or depression we tend to believe those only affect our mental health, however preventing or controlling these psychological illnesses can have effect on our physical health and well being. Psychological factors also are important in understanding and treating medical disorders. One medical disorder that is one of the biggest stress related are headaches. In the United States 20% of the population suffer from severe headaches (Axia College, 2009, Week Four reading). There are two types of headaches to discuss those are muscle tension headaches and migraine headaches. Muscle tension headaches are caused from the contraction of muscles in the shoulder, head and neck. When our body is experiencing a great deal of stress these muscles start to contract constantly causing us to have a muscle tension headache. Blowing issues out of proportion can lead to these headaches as well. Tension headaches come on gradually, most people will experience pain on both sides of the head and pressure throughout the head (Gorman & Park, 2002). One out of every ten Americans experience migraine headaches. A migraine headache is a throbbing headache caused by wavelike firing of neurons on the brain, which create ripples of neural activity that reach pain centers in the brain stem (Axia College, 2009, Week Four reading). Muscle tension headaches will experience pain on both sides of the head where in a migraine headache you will only experience pain on one side. Muscle tension headaches usually go away within a few hours at the most whereas migraine headaches can last hours or even days at a time. These types of headaches can cause blurred vision, sensitivity to things such as smells or light, nausea, and loss of eating. The cause of migraine headaches are said to be complex and not well understood. Most Doctors feel it is due to an imbalance of blood flow and imbalance of neuron activity in the brain. There are many things that can trigger these headaches such as stress, hormones, drug use, and even certain types of chemicals. According to the American Heart Association Coronary Heart Disease also known as CDH is the leading cause of death in the United States (American Heart Association, 2000). The choices we make and our behavior actually have a large effect on our risk of suffering from CHD. There are quite a few factors determining this. Our family history does have some effect but, there are also many other psychological effects we will discuss as well. A person who has a family history of CHD is most likely to contract it then others. Someone with psychological conditions such as obesity, high blood pressure or cholesterol are also at high risk. Many times when we feel stressed we think our blood pressure is too high but, that is not always true that is why it is important to get this checked regularly. Our eating habits can play a role in our risk for heart disease. Over eating, smoking and alcoholism are some of the most common. Type A behavior can have an effect on developing heart disease. Type A behavior is someone that is usually impatient, aggressive, feel rushed, and under a great amount of stress. Reducing these types of behavior patterns can help lower our risk of developing heart problems and even many other health issues. One CHD is developed we can undergo surgery and take medication. There are quite a few different ways that we can prevent developing this disease and eliminate risk of being one of those every ten Americans that suffer from CHD. One of the biggest challenges we face that we can change is to stop smoking, controlling our weight and to follow a healthy diet. All, three of these things are something that we control and we have the choice as to how we live our lifestyle. Keeping these types of things under control can help us in maintaining our health. Maintaining good behavior patterns and not living with a type A personality can help in reducing risks to heart disease. Finding ways to relieve stress and hypertension such as relaxation exercises or working in jobs that do not put so much stress on our bodies are good ways in controlling this.

Word Choice Hear vs. Here - Writing Tips from Proofed

Word Choice Hear vs. Here - Writing Tips from Proofed Word Choice: Hear vs. Here Spoken out loud the words â€Å"hear† and â€Å"here† sound identical, which may be why they’re often confused in writing. Unfortunately, on paper the difference is a bit more obvious! In this post, then, we’re looking at the differences between these words and how to tell them apart. Hear (Listen To) To â€Å"hear† something is to sense a sound (this is why we talk about having a sense of â€Å"hearing†): I was in the forest, so I could hear the tree fall. It can also mean â€Å"listen to† or â€Å"learn by being told,† such as when we receive news second hand: I hear that trees fall silently if there’s nobody around. We also see this word used in â€Å"Hear! Hear!† This is an old-fashioned phrase used to express approval of what someone is saying (as if you’re literally saying â€Å"Listen to this person!†). Here (In This Place) The word â€Å"here† can be a noun, an adverb, or even an adjective, but it always means â€Å"this place.† Typically, this is the location occupied by the speaker: Why are we here in this forest anyway? The tree will land here when it falls. In both cases above, â€Å"here† is used to point to the immediate surroundings or a point nearby. Closeness is important for this word; if we were referring to something further away, we’d say â€Å"there.† In addition, â€Å"here† can indicate a point in time or within a process: We’ll end the lesson here for today. It can also be used to refer to the previous sentence or passage in writing: Berkeley wrote that sense objects exist only when they are perceived. Here, we can see how he would have been interested in whether unobserved falling trees make a sound. This makes â€Å"here† a useful word for linking sentences in a paragraph. Hear or Here? An ear. Mixing up these words in your writing can look bad. However, there’s an easy way to tell them apart: The one about listening contains the word â€Å"ear† (i.e., the thing we listen with). So, if you’re writing about sensing a sound or listening to someone, the correct word is â€Å"hear.† On the other hand, if you’re writing about a place or position, the word you need will be â€Å"here.† Remember: Hear = Sense a sound or listen to Here = This place or point

Essay on Several Different Papers part 3Essay Writing Service

Essay on Several Different Papers part 3Essay Writing Service Essay on Several Different Papers part 3 Essay on Several Different Papers part 3Essay on Several Different Papers part 2Week 7 Decision making processThe decision making process is very important for the successful business development but often this process confronts substantial challenges, especially when family members come into business together and fail to decide their responsibilities and determine the essence of the decision making process. In this regard, referring to the case of the retail clothing store, run along with a family member, it is possible to recommend to determine exactly how decisions are made within the company and who exactly takes what decisions.First of all, the decision making process should be collective that means that both family members take decisions. However, their authority should not overlap that means that they should take decisions on different issues. For instance, one family member is responsible for suppliers and delivery of products to the clothing store, while another is responsib le for sales, human resources and public relations of the company (Masterson Picton, 2004). In such a way, they should distribute different areas of their responsibility between each other. Thus, both family members will participate in the decision making process and will play an important part in this process. At the same time, such decision making model will be effective because family members will distribute their functions and will focus on their specific fields (Breneman Taylor, 2006). As a result, they will not waste their time and efforts on other fields that will maximize their effectives in those areas, which they are responsible for.On the other hand, such decision making model will decrease the risk of conflicts. As each family member is responsible for his/her fields only, then they do not intersect and they do not have the pretext and cause for the conflict. They just concentrate on their own work and decisions.Nevertheless, the proposed model does not mean that there will be no conflicts at all. On the contrary, conflicts still are likely to occur because they comprise a natural part of any business. In such a situation, the prevention of conflicts is particularly important because conflicts can deteriorate the organizational performance. The conflict prevention and resolution should involve consultations between the two family members. What is meant here is the fact that they should find consensus to take the right decision that meets the vision of each family member. They should learn to compromise to make effective and fast decisions. For instance, if family members face a conflict over funding of the new promotional campaign or singing a contract with a new supplier, they should weigh both options and select the one that matches the current needs of the company, its mission, vision and marketing strategy. Therefore, if the company lacks supplies, the new supplier should be signed, while if the company has low sale rates, the company should rather invest into the promotion of its products and brand.Thus, the conflict prevention is very important, while the resolution of conflicts should involve the close interaction and communication between both family members running the store. In this regard, the distribution of responsibilities and functions and, therefore, decision making processes will decrease the risk of conflicts and help the company to develop successfully.

24 Great Places to Buy Used Law Books Online

24 Great Places to Buy Used Law Books Online Law books are without a doubt one of the biggest expenses for students, and it doesnt help that textbook prices increased nearly threefold between 1986 and 2004 according to the  Government Accounting Office  (PDF). Sadly, selling them back for pennies is perhaps even more depressing than buying them in the first place. But gone are the days when students could only go to the school bookstore and perhaps one or two used bookstores off campus to collect all of their necessary supplies. The Internet has created a virtual playground for shoppers, and here are 28 places you can save money on law books and note that many buy back books as well (so perhaps you can get money back in the future!): AbeBooks.com: A subsidiary of Amazon.com with books discounted up to 90% off list price.AddALL: Popular textbook search and comparison engine. You can also try their ebook comparison engine at ebooks.adall.com.Alibris.com: Textbooks from 10,000 independent bookstores.Amazon.com: Surely you know of Amazons excellent book selection, but dont miss their Marketplace, which has some of the best prices anywhere on used books and ebooksBarnes Noble: Save up to 30% on new textbooks and 90% on used textbooks with free shipping on textbook orders of $25 or more.BnCTextbookRental.com: Shop by your course schedule and save 25% on used books through Barnes Noble College book rentals.Better World Books: Free shipping in the United States; sales help fund literacy projects in America and around the world.Biblio.com: Brings together over 5,500 independent booksellers for a selection of over 100 million books.BigWords.com: Probably the most popular textbook price comparison engine.Books-A-Million: Free shipping on orders over $25 and Millionaires Club for 10% discount on purchases. BookByte: Buy, sell, or rent law books and also get great deals on study guides and other materials.BookFBookFinder.com: 150 million books. 1 search engine.CampusBooks.com: Compare prices on law books and save up to 95% on textbooks and ebooks tooCampusBooks4Less.com: Search engine that price compares for you.CollegeBooksDirect.com: Promises same day shipping.CollegeSwapShop.com: Price comparison search engine.eBay.com: Lots of former students sell their law books directly on eBay and their companion site,  Half.com.eCampus.com: Award winning site where you can buy new and used books for up to 95% off with a bill me later option for no payments for 90 days.eTextShop.com: Buy and sell textbooks; guarantees the highest price when selling your books.MBS Direct: Partners with some schools to provide what it says is the largest inventory of new and used textbooks in America.Powells Books: Started on a derelict corner of Portland, Oregon in the early 1970s, Powells has withstood the test of time and now serves customers worldwide. Textbooks.com: Buy textbooks to 90% off with free shipping. Also, buys your textbooks for great prices.TextbookX.com: Nearly a million titles in stock and its own Facebook application to facilitate sales. Also, sells school supplies at low prices.ValoreBooks.com: Buy and sell used law books; offers great buy back prices. And here are two last bits of advice before you go online shopping for law books: Be sure you have the correct ISBN numbers for the editions of the books you need; and shop early for the best prices and books in the best condition. Happy shopping!

How has the EU-US Open Skies Agreement Affected EU Citizenship of Essay

How has the EU-US Open Skies Agreement Affected EU Citizenship of Germany - Essay Example How has the EU-US Open Skies Agreement Affected EU Citizenship of Germany? The EU-US Open Skies Agreement generally reflects the formation of the ‘US-EU Open Aviation Area Agreement’. In the year 2007, both the regions i.e. the US and the EU had signed a momentous pact in order to liberalise open global transportation and air travel on their respective business markets over the Atlantic Ocean. This pact or treaty is popularly acknowledged as The EU-US Open Skies Agreement. This significant agreement intends to deregulate the concern of air traffic over the Atlantic Ocean through various ways that have been discussed in the following section. It is worth mentioning that this particular agreement has facilitated any airline belonging to the US and the EU to fly to any particular point between these two regions. Apart from lessening the increased level of regulation of air transportation between the aforesaid two regions, the agreement also tends to undertake certain significant steps specifically for normalisation of the global aviation industry (Peterson & Graham, 2008). With this concern, the essay intends to discuss the EU-US Open Skies Agreement and its implications on different EU nations along with the US. Moreover, the way in which this agreement has affected EU citizenship of Germany will also be taken into concern in the essay. The financial interrelation of the US and the EU has been witnessed to contribute in ascertaining greater commercial success on both the sides of the Atlantic. This can be justified with reference to the fact that the formation along with the maintenance of smooth financial interrelation between the aforesaid two nations have opened prospects for better investments, fostered trade in products or services and most vitally facilitated in enhancing the mobility of the individuals through undertaking various major initiatives. One of the initiatives in this regard can be apparently observed as the formation of the Visa Waiver Program. It is determined that the EU and the US are regarded as the t wo biggest air transportation markets throughout the globe. This is owing to the reason that both of these markets together account for in excess of half of all worldwide scheduled passenger travel and 71.7 percent of the globe’s freighter fleet. The formation of the EU-US Open Skies Agreement, which had been signed in the year 2007 and became effective in the year 2008, can be duly considered as a historic decision, as it not only broadly supports the aspect of trade liberalisation but also promotes the development of better international trade as well. In the context of analysing the EU-US Open Skies Agreement, it can be affirmed that aviation often plays a decisive role in driving the vital aspect of globalisation, contributing in expanding travel along with tourism and enabling the business entrepreneurs to make substantial investments. Furthermore, it also plays an imperative part in facilitating trade through bringing business people along with conducting their respecti ve operational functions jointly and developing the products or services in relation to the respective industry. By taking into concern these valuable roles played by aviation, it can be stated that both the regions i.e. the US and the EU had signed the agreement in order to transform and enhance the existing procedure of air travel and trade throughout the Atlantic (Alford &

Theory and practice of Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Theory and practice of Leadership - Essay Example pper and Lipshitz (1993) have defined leadership is a way to motivate people to perform with the help of non-coercive means while other research scholars like Alas et al. (2007) have stated that leadership depends on personal traits of a individual such as behaviour, relationship with subordinates, interaction pattern with subordinates, influencing capability, ability to motivate people to perform well, influence on culture of the organization etc. Vardiman et al. (2006) have argued that leadership is a process of influencing others to accomplish predetermined objectives rather than characteristics of individual. According to Vardiman et al. (2006) leadership is dependent on the dyadic relationship between leader and follower which is independent of the macro and micro environmental conditions. Day (2002) has defined leadership in terms of transformational leadership theory which states that individual characteristics of leaders decide the dynamics of leadership. Various research sch olars such as Johnson (2000) and Howell & Costley (2001) have stated that organizations need to develop leadership skill among employees in order to provide direction, commitment and engagement to their work effort. Morrison et al. (2003) have stated that leadership is basically the ability of individuals to understand and implement contemporary management theories to real life problems. Popper and Lipshitz (1993) have indicated that there are three pillars for successful leadership characteristics, 1- building self efficacy, 2- motivating others to perform well and 3- developing specific skills to influence the followers. Steers et al. (1996) have also stated that leaders must the ability to motivate employees in workplace. Groves (2007) has proposed that systematic effort is needed in order to develop leadership quality among individuals. Deci and. Ryan (2000) has revealed that social-contextual conditions boost psychological development and self-motivation and these two factors

Career goals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Career goals - Essay Example To ensure my goal is achievable, I have an exceptional advantage in business as my father,The most advantaged superiority for me to achieve the career goal is that my father, Mr. Duan Yongji, who is one of the most successful and famous entrepreneurs in China, and is extremely supportive of my business goals and academic pursuits. will support me. MMy father is the As a founder of Stone Group and SINA Corporation , heand currently serves as both of these two companies as Chairmanperson and He is also the President of Zhongguanchun Development, considered the "Silicon Valley" in Beijing. His different business activities include: Throughout my father's twenty-three years in the business field, he has had plenty of experience dealing in both practical and entrepreneurial management skills. His refusal to work within state operated companies in the early 1970s laid the groundwork for starting his own business. He has also experienced By endeavoured in the business field for about 23 years, my father is full of experiences with practical project management skills and entrepreneurship. He was one of the first few of people who refused to work in the state operated companies and switched to ran their own businesses in the beginning of 1970s. He experienced the the whole process of seeing the Chinese economy move from athe closed market to anthe open market, which has only added to his skills in . Those precious experiences makes him sharpen in proper opportunity evaluation as well as the knowledge that isare required to run turn an idea into a sound business opportunity. Those preciousness experiences are also ve ry important for me in the same time. As you know, my country's economy has been growing as the worlds fastest for almost two decades; the marketing is also changing fast. Then to make a reliable perspective proposal before start seems more and more important than ever before. Through utilizing my father's advice on business decisions along with my education, I feel that My advantage is that I can get so many important information and valuable advices from discussing my proposal with my father andI can make a dependable plan for my future steps which is so important for a start-up company. And I could also share my father's

Now we can get congress going Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Now we can get congress going - Essay Example There should be adoption of policies that will ensure new graduate and majority of youth get enough opportunities after getting out of the education system. Addressing these issues will boost confidence on elected leader and also esnures that the current administration is seen as doing something on policy issues. On the other hand, I belive that addressing issues of enrgey will help in reviving areas of the economy that are not performing well. Energy sector is a key driver of various parts of the economy. This is because energy drives various sector of the economy such as prodcution. Most of the prices of goods and services enjoyed by americans are determiedn by the prodcution process. Hence, addressing issues of enrgy will be paramount in esnuring that Americans are not faced by high prices of goods and services. Moreover, americans will be able to purchase more commodities with less. Therefore, a proposal to construct Keystone XL pipeline should be a priority of the new elected

Economy and Socal Life in Kenya Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economy and Socal Life in Kenya - Assignment Example Kenya has made progress towards enhancing effectiveness in the political system with the implementation of a new constitution. Kenya has a population of 44 million with most people living in the rural areas. The capital city is Nairobi. It is also the hub for many government services. The other major towns and cities in Kenya are Nakuru, Mombasa, and Kisumu. Kenya is bordered by countries like Uganda, South Sudan, Tanzania, Ethiopia, and Somalia. The two main languages in Kenya are Swahili and English. It provides information on the people, infrastructure, education, security, and transport. Kenya is made of 42 tribes that are spread out in different parts of the country. The notable ethnic groups in Kenya are Kikuyu, Luo, Luhya Kalenjin, Kamba, Kisii, and Meru. The chart shows ethnic group distribution according to the data presented by the CIA World Factbook. The major religions in Kenya are Christianity and Islam. Majority of Kenyans fall between 25 and 54 years. The majority of Kenyans are young. The country struggles with high infant mortality rates, HIV/AIDS, famine, and floods. According to the CIA World Factbook, Kenya ranks 31 when compared to other nations in the world. It is clear from the graph that Kenya has many non-Africans who are citizens and foreigners. The country has expatriates who work with large business corporations or non-governmental organizations that deal with environmental issues, aid, and relief and activities. Most of the expatriates live in highly secured estates. The estates have secured houses with compounds to limit movement in and out. The diverse nature of the Kenyan population makes it easy for foreigners to fit in. The culture can be termed as friendly with most people believing in the concept of African hospitality. Kenyans find it easy to help foreigners.

Shiva Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Shiva - Research Paper Example The Denver Art Museum is famous for its rich Asian collection full of distinguished artifacts. More than five thousand objects of this prominent collection are exhibited in twenty two thousand square feet of gallery space. The large-scale Asian art collection occupies the galleries on the fifth floor of the Denver Art Museums North Building and contains objects that extend back over six thousand years ("Asian Art"). A thirteenth century bronze statue of Shiva Nataraja, known as the Lord or King of Dance, is one of the museums oldest high-profile exhibits. It depicts one of the most important of Hindu deities, Shiva, as a divine dancer. Shiva is translated from Sanskrit as "auspicious god", which is one of the primary embodiments of God in Hinduism. According to the Hindu mythology Shiva must destroy the world as we know it to cause the awakening of Brahma, another influential Hindu God responsible for the recreation of the universe (Gruenwald, and Marchand). Hindus believe that every thing that has a beginning must have an end. Thus, the statue of Shiva as a Lord of Dance is a bright illustration of this belief. They believe that Shiva is responsible for destruction of the illusions of individuality in the first place, thus Shivas dance has to be perceived as a catharsis for each and everyone. The abovementioned statue of Shiva has its origins in Tamil Nadu Province of India and was created 1100s during the rule of the Chola dynasty, which was one of the most powerful and long-lasting dynasties in the history of southern India ("Asian Art"). During the rule of Chola dynasty a number of magnificent Shiva temples famous for its exuberant architecture were built in southern India and numerous sculptures and bronzes of Shiva were created (Gruenwald, and Marchand). The sculpture of Shiva Nataraja is probably one of the most sophisticated artworks of exquisite beauty

Economy and Socal Life in Kenya Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economy and Socal Life in Kenya - Assignment Example Kenya has made progress towards enhancing effectiveness in the political system with the implementation of a new constitution. Kenya has a population of 44 million with most people living in the rural areas. The capital city is Nairobi. It is also the hub for many government services. The other major towns and cities in Kenya are Nakuru, Mombasa, and Kisumu. Kenya is bordered by countries like Uganda, South Sudan, Tanzania, Ethiopia, and Somalia. The two main languages in Kenya are Swahili and English. It provides information on the people, infrastructure, education, security, and transport. Kenya is made of 42 tribes that are spread out in different parts of the country. The notable ethnic groups in Kenya are Kikuyu, Luo, Luhya Kalenjin, Kamba, Kisii, and Meru. The chart shows ethnic group distribution according to the data presented by the CIA World Factbook. The major religions in Kenya are Christianity and Islam. Majority of Kenyans fall between 25 and 54 years. The majority of Kenyans are young. The country struggles with high infant mortality rates, HIV/AIDS, famine, and floods. According to the CIA World Factbook, Kenya ranks 31 when compared to other nations in the world. It is clear from the graph that Kenya has many non-Africans who are citizens and foreigners. The country has expatriates who work with large business corporations or non-governmental organizations that deal with environmental issues, aid, and relief and activities. Most of the expatriates live in highly secured estates. The estates have secured houses with compounds to limit movement in and out. The diverse nature of the Kenyan population makes it easy for foreigners to fit in. The culture can be termed as friendly with most people believing in the concept of African hospitality. Kenyans find it easy to help foreigners.

Organizational Restructuring, Changes in Strategic Management, Essay

Organizational Restructuring, Changes in Strategic Management, Deregulation in T-Mobile - Essay Example The service sector in the United States that T-Mobile is breaking into has been growing consistently with an urbanizing global market in terms of providing services, and the dependence is necessary to focus upon in terms of putting the consumer first. Management seems to reflect this through the strengths of planning for customer service and effective target marketing. T-Mobile management must act in a very dynamic and competitive industry. The United States also occupies a strong position in the services market and has many advantages in this sector because international companies are becoming used to an atmosphere of deregulation that has expanded domestically. This allows corporations to take more advantage of being agents of change in previously regulated industries, in which products and services are now subject to the laws of supply and demand rather than the laws of the government. Therefore the company’s product strategy revolves around the provision of cell-phones and cell-phone services in this competitive environment, with an eye on the future of Wi-Fi, which seems to show effective managerial planning. T-Mobile managers have also shown strengths of organizing in a deregulated market and adapting to quick changes. Deregulation required that established companies to offer open access to communications channels instead of charging competitors or denying them access and thus eliminated this entry barrier in the telecommunications industry. In the second barrier, that of cost disadvantages independent of scale, an established company may have proprietary rights to certain technologies which make it difficult or impossible for a competitor to gain a real foothold in the industry. These types of situations can sometimes be handled legally, but this is not cost-effective for the company just starting out in the market. An established  competitor could also simply have so much experience in an industry that it is able to outdistance competitors and potential entrants on this virtue alone.

Health Risks Associated with Technology Essay Example for Free

Health Risks Associated with Technology Essay The widespread use of technology has led to some important use health concerns. Some of the move common physical health risks are repetitive strain injuries, computer vision syndrome, and muscular pain. These injuries are on the rise for users of technology. A repetitive strain injury (RSI) is an injury or disorder of the muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, and joints. Technology-related RSIs include tendonitis and carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Tendonitis is inflammation of a tendon due to repeated motion or stress on that tendon. CTS is inflammation of the nerve that connects the forearm to the palm. Repeated or forceful bending of the wrist can cause tendonitis or CTS of the wrist. Factor that cause these disorders include prolonged typing or mouse usage and continual shifting between a mouse and keyboard (Jones 45-48). If untreated, these disorders can lead to permanent physical damage. Computer vision syndrome (CVS) affects eyesight. Symptoms of CVS are sore, tired, burning, itching, or dry eyes; blurred or double vision; distance blurred vision after prolonged staring at a display device; headache or sore neck; difficulty shifting focus between a display device and documents; difficulty focusing on a screen image; color fringes or afterimages when looking away from a display device; and increased sensitivity to light. Eyestrain associated with CVS is not thought to have serious or long-term consequences (Anderson and Dean) People who spend their workday using the computer sometimes complain of lower back pain, muscle fatigue, and emotional fatigue. Lower back pain sometimes is cause from poor posture. It is advisable to sit properly in a chair while working and take periodic breaks. Users also should be sure their workplace is design ergonomically. Ergonomic studies have shown that using the correct type and configuration of chair, keyboard, display device, and work surface help users work comfortably and efficiently and helps  protect their health (Sanchez). Many physical health risks are associated with using technology. These risks include repetitive strain injuries, computer vision syndrome, and muscular pain. User should take as many preventive measures as possible to avoid these risks. Works Cited Anderson, Cricket Finley and Stacey Anne Dean. â€Å"Computer pains.† The Medical Update Aug. 2014:n. page. Web. 2 October 2014. Jones, Jacob Lee. Medical concerns of the 21st Century. Chicago: Smiley Incorporated, 2014. Print. Sanchez, Jorge Mario. Aches and Pains. 30 Sept. 2014. Course Technology. Web. 5 Aug. 2014.

Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Drugs

Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Drugs Characteristics and risk factors of Cardiovascular Drugs induced Adverse Drug Reactions: Hospital based Active Surveillance Study. Abstract: Background: Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) is one of the major drug-related problems in hospitalized patients. Several studies report the incidence various from 10 50% of all hospital admissions due to ADRs and no recent data available on the safety of cardiovascular drug from India. Aim: This study aims 1). To estimate incidence and characteristics of ADRs due to cardiovascular drugs in patients admitted in cardiology unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital. 2) To identify the risk factors for ADRs in hospitalized patients treated with cardiovascular drugs. Methods: A prospective active surveillance study was carried out in the cardiology department of a south Indian tertiary care teaching hospital for eight months. Population averaged Poisson regression [Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE)] models was used to estimate the adjusted relative risk associated with ADR. Results: The overall incidence of cardiovascular drug induced ADRs was 31.8%. A total of 757 patients treated cardiovascular medications. Of which 241 patients (31.8%) including 122 (16.1%) females and 119 (15.7%) males reported at least one ADR. Aspirin produced the highest number of ADRs (150; 38.7%) followed by Heparin (45; 11.6%), Atorvastatin (24; 6.2%) and Ramipril (24; 6.2%). The causality assessment reveals that 85.3% of ADRs were probable in nature. GEE was used to estimate the adjusted relative risk of each covariate associated with ADRs. The predictors of ADRs identified were: female gender, age > 60 years, multiple drug therapy (p= 0.0231) and concurrent diseases like diabetes, drugs like Heparin (RR-2.90, 95% CI 2.22-3.8) and Enalapril (RR-1.95, 95% CI 1.34-2.83). Conclusion: The incidence of cardiovascular ADRs was 31.8%. The most common drugs causing ADRs were the anti- platelet and anticoagulant class of drugs. Female gender, age > 60 years, multiple drug therapy, concurrent illness and certain drugs like heparin were identified as potential predictors for adverse reactions. Keywords: adverse drug reactions, hospitalized patients, cardiovascular drugs, pharmacovigilance, Risk factors Key Messages: This study reports the risk factors for adverse reactions to cardiovascular drugs from an Indian clinical setting. The incidence of cardiovascular drugs induced ADRs was 31.8%, which is higher than many reported studies. Anti-platelet and anticoagulant drugs were commonly associated with ADRs in the study population. Introduction: Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) is one of the major drug-related problems in hospitalized patients. ADRs are one of the major drug-related problems, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality and healthcare costs.[1-3]The WHO defines an ADR as a response to a drug that is noxious and unintended and occurs at doses normally used in man for the prophylaxis, diagnosis or therapy of disease, or for modification of physiological function.[4] The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has increased in recent years and it has been estimated that CVDs are the most common cause of death.[5] Reports on drug related problems including adverse drug reactions associated with cardiovascular pharmacotherapy are available.[6-10]Studies report that cardiovascular drugs may account for 10 to 50% of all hospital admissions due to ADRs.[11-13] There are reports of serious adverse drug events with cardiovascular drugs.[14]Continuous monitoring of ADRs are important in patients treated with cardiovascular drugs since, these patients who need multiple drug therapies to treat their comorbid conditions and other related risks[15] Various methods are used to detect ADRs in hospitalized patients.[16] Analyzing the adverse reaction data in relation to the presence of risk factors provide the link between the ADRs and the associated factors. Such analysis might help to identify patients who are at increased risk for the adverse reaction and therefore employing suitable monitoring and the preventive procedure is possible.[17] Reports are available on the risk factors for adverse reactions.[18-20] Studies have shown that the cardiovascular drugs are most common cause of ADRs.[6,21]A university hospital-based studies report 49 % ADRs are due to commonly used cardiovascular drugs (nitrates, digoxin, propranolol, heparin, warfarin, anti-hypertensive and anti-arrhythmic drugs)[22] A number of studies are available on the adverse effects of cardiovascular drugs. In the Indian context data on adverse effects of the cardiovascular drugs is not available. Therefore, the current study was planned to evaluate ADRs due to cardiovascular drugs in hospitalized patients. This study aims 1). To estimate incidence and characteristics of ADRs due to cardiovascular drugs in patients admitted in cardiology unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital. 2) To identify the risk factors for ADRs in hospitalized patients treated with cardiovascular drugs. Subjects and Methods: A prospective active surveillance study was carried out in the department of cardiology of a tertiary care teaching hospital for eight months (Feb to Sep 2009). The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the institutional ethical committee. All patients admitted to the cardiovascular units were monitored and evaluated for cardiovascular drugs induced adverse reactions. Patients who were previously treated or newly prescribed with cardiovascular drugs were monitored and followed for detecting and recording of ADRs. Adverse drug reactions were identified by conducting a daily patient charts review, patient interview, and consultations with treating physicians. In the suspected cases, past medical/medication history of patients were collected. In addition to patients medication history, information on co-morbidities was also collected. We used the WHO criteria for defining ADRs.[4] For every identified patient with ADR, two patients without ADRs were enrolled as matched controls. The information pertaining to the suspected ADRs was collected and documented in a specially designed ADR computerized documentation database for further assessment.[23] An ADR alert card was distributed to those patients who experienced severe adverse reactions to prevent further re-exposure of the suspected drug. All ADRs were reviewed and assessed by the research team. The documented ADRs were evaluated and characterized respect to patient demographics, nature of the reactions, drugs and organ system involved and outcome of the reactions. Using standard approach, the Causality, severity, preventability and the presences of predisposing factors of the reactions were assessed and reported. Patients age and sex were considered for the analysis. ADRs were classified as either Type A or Type B according to the system introduced by Rawlins and Thompson.[24] The suspected drugs were classified according to Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification based on WHO-ATC Index 2009.[25]Using WHO Adverse Reaction Terminology documented ADRs were further classified into various organ system classes.[26] Management strategies employed for the ADRs were categorized as drug withdrawal, dose reduction, additional treatment for ADR and no change in a regimen without any additional treatment. Patient outcomes were reported as fatal, fully recovered, recovering and unknown. The causality of suspected ADRs was assessed using Naranjos ADR probability scale and classified into certain, probable, possible and unlikely to be drug induced depending upon the level of association.[27] The preventability of ADRs was analyzed and categorized into definitely preventable, probably preventable and not preventable using the modified criteria of Schumock and Thornton by Lau et al.[28]Using the criterion developed by Hartwig et al., for severity assessment, we assessed the suspected ADRs and classified into mild, moderate and severe reactions.[29] The onset of ADRs was assessed and classified into sub-acute, latent and acute groups.[4] Predisposing/risk factors Many patient-related factors predispose the occurrence of ADRs. The patient related factors like age, gender, multiple and inter-current disease states, and polypharmacy are considered as significant risk factor for developing ADR.[30] Patients age was categorized into 6 groups (less than 20 years, 21-30 years, 31-40 years, 41-50 years, 51-60 years, more than 60 years). Polypharmacy was categorized as minor (2-3 drugs), moderate (4-5 drugs) or major (5 drugs) based on the classification by Veehof et al.[31] Gender of the patient was also considered as a one of the predispose factor for the development of ADRs. Multiple disease state ( > 2 coded diseases) of the patient at the time of reaction also include in the analysis. The overall incidence of ADRs was calculated using the total number of in-patient episodes which resulted in ADRs in relation to the total number of in-patients followed during the study period. The length of hospital stay for each patient was collected from Hospital Patient Administrative System (HPAS) and used to compare the Length of Stay (LOS) between patients with and without ADRs. Additional hospital stay due to ADRs was assessed using the nature and clinical features of ADRs, discussion with treating medical staffs and assessment of patients medical records. Statistical analysis Descriptive statistics was used summarize the patient demographic and clinical characteristics like gender, diagnosis, a number of drug dispensed, the frequency of ADR, drugs involved, organ system involved and severity of ADRs. Mean with 95% confidence interval was used to summarize age and LOS. Chi-square test was used to find the association between age group, gender, the LOS with and without ADRs. Relative risk was used to measure the strength of association. The data were hierarchically arranged, to count the multiple ADR episodes which can occur with multiple admissions. Population averaged Poisson regression (GEE) was used to estimate the adjusted relative risk of each covariate associated with ADR.[32,33] Further compound symmetry was used to account for the within-subject correlation. All analysis was performed using SPSS for window 15 (SPSS Inc., South Asia, Bangalore). The significance level was set at P Results: A total of 757 patients (431 men and 326 women) using cardiovascular medications were intensively monitored. The mean age of the study population was 57.21  ± 14.22 years (18 -92 years). The average length of hospital stay was 10.6  ± 5.8 days. Overall, the incidence of ADRs was 31.84%. Two hundred and fourteen patients including 122 females and 119 males reported at least one ADR. Maximum of six ADRs were reported from one patient. Compared to males, females developed more of ADRs was observed more in females when (p 0.0001). The length of stay was increased due to ADR for a minimum of 3 days and a maximum of 28 days. The frequency of different age groups in patients with and without ADRs is presented in table-1. The main diagnosis of the study population is listed in table-1. Age group of less than 20 years is excluded because of lower sample size. Age group of more than 60 years had more ADRs compared to other age groups. Cardiovascular risk factors of a patient with and without ADR are shown in table-2. The most frequent system-organ class affected by ADRs was Platelet, bleeding clotting disorders (188, 48.89%), followed by metabolic and nutritional disorders (53, 13.66%) and gastrointestinal system disorders (50, 12.89%) (Table-3). The most common strategy for management of ADRs was drug withdrawal (94.3%) and dose alteration (5.4%) (Table-4). The mean length of hospital stay was 13.3 and 6.5 days for patients with and without ADR respectively. The length of stay was found to be longer in patients with ADR. Aspirin produced the highest number of reactions (150; 38.7%) followed by heparin (45; 11.6%), Atorvastatin (24; 6.2%) and Ramipril (24; 6.2%) (Table -3) with Platelet, bleeding clotting disorders (188, 48.89%). The most frequently reported reaction was bleeding (186; 47.9%) followed by gastric ulcer (52, 13.4%) (Table-3). The causality assessment of ADRs revealed that 85.31% of ADRs were classified as probable, followed by 7.99% as definite and 6.7% as possible. 64.4 % patients recovered from the ADRs and 35.6 % were recovering at the time of discharge (Table-4). The GEE analysis shows that the female, alcoholics, smokers and patients those taking more than 7 drugs had a higher risk for developing an ADR. (Table-2). Statistical analyses also revealed that patient taking Heparin (RR 2.90, 95% CI 2.22-3.80, Enalapril (RR 1.95, 95% CI 1.34-2.83), warfarin (RR 1.69, 95% CI 1.33-2.54) had a significantly increased probability of developing of ADRs (Table-5). Discussion: ADRs can significantly increase patients mortality or morbidity and consequently higher healthcare expenditure.[34] The study findings reveal that developing an ADRs in hospitalized patients substantially contribute to patients morbidity, further increasing the disease burden and cost of managing ADRs. The incidence of ADRs (31.8%) found in this study was twice higher than a previously reported systematic review of international studies (15.1%).[2] The present study showed that females experienced a higher incidence of ADRs (9.87%) when compared to males (7.23%) which are similar to the findings of previously published studies.[1,35-37]Several reasons have been put forth for this observed difference. Men and women have a different pharmacodynamic response to various drugs; which may consider as one of the factors for women to develop more number of ADRs. But in a study reported by Jose., on comparable Indian population male patients were found to have more ADRs than female population .[38] The incidence of ADRs was higher in the elderly patients (31.19%; age > 60 Years) compare to other age groups. (à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2= 23.03, df-5, p 0.0001); this finding is similar to the results of Mohebbi et al.[19] Studies have shown that the incidence of ADRs may increase with increasing age. Again, due to multiple comorbid conditions and receive multiple drug therapy the elderly patients tend to have a higher risk for developing an ADR. In addition, older individuals undergo changes in drug responsiveness and disposition.[39] It appears that elderly patients need more attention to prevent the occurrence of ADRs. In this study, the incidence of Aspirin-induced ADRs was 38.7% (n=150); which was the highest rate compared to other cardiovascular drugs in this study. However, High rates of ADRs with streptokinase have been reported previously.[40]Studies reported a rate of amiodarone-induced ADRs as 16%, whereas in the current study it was too low at 0.5%.[41] This might be due to the lower use of amiodarone in the current study subjects. In a study conducted by Wiffen et al., investigating ADRs induced by all groups of drugs, warfarin was among the top three drugs causing ADRs.[42] In our study, the rate of ADRs attributed to warfarin was just 3.6%, whereas heparin-induced bleeding was the second highest ADR in this study population (45, 11.6%). In this study, we found central nervous and gastrointestinal systems are the most frequently affected organ system classes by ADRs. These findings were similar to the findings of a study conducted in Iran.[13]The incidence of preventable ADRs in this study (6.9%) is comparably lower than those detected in other studies.[34]This might be probably due to intensive monitoring of CCU patients in our study. The rate of serious ADRs (22.2%) detected in this study tend to be higher than other studies.[14] Population averaged Poisson regression (GEE) model showed that factors like gender and age of more than 60 years, multiple drug therapy and the presence of co-morbidity were risk factors for experiencing ADRs. The average duration of drug usage was found to be longer in patients without ADR. It appears that most of the ADRs have been noted shortly after initiating cardiovascular drugs and the incidence of ADRs in this study population was not related to the duration of usage. Similar to findings of many other studies, increasing the number of drugs led to increased frequency of ADRs. Conclusion The finding of this study indicates that cardiovascular drugs cause serious and frequent adverse reactions. The incidence of cardiovascular ADRs was 31.84%. The most common drugs causing ADRs were the anti-platelet and anticoagulant class of drugs. Female gender, age more than 60 years and use of more than 7 drugs was found to be the risk factors for developing ADRs. The identified incidence was higher than many reported studies. The current study identified the common ADRs and their predictors. Patients with identified predictors for adverse drug reactions can be intensively monitored and necessary preventive measures can be initiated if signs of reactions are observed.

Essay on Blanche DuBois as Butterfly in Tennessee Williams A Streetcar

The Portrayal of Blanche as Butterfly or Moth in A Streetcar Named Desire  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      In A Streetcar named Desire, Williams uses description and dialog to develop the play’s characters. In the beginning of the play, Williams describes Blanche as a "moth". A moth and a butterfly seem to be very similar; however, they have very different outward appearances and habits. A butterfly is very "showy " as it flits throughout life, whereas a moth tries hard not to bring attention to itself. Butterflies are open and very visible, but a moth is nocturnal and secretive. The American Heritage Dictionary defines a butterfly as "a person interested principally in frivolous pleasure"; a self-centered person intent on pleasure (line 2). Although Williams describes Blanch as a moth, his use of description and dialog bring out sexual undertones that portray Blanche to be a butterfly instead of a moth. In Scene I of A Streetcar Named Desire, Williams writes-- Her appearance is incongruous in this setting. She is daintily dressed in a white suit with a fluffy bodice, necklace, and earrings of pearl, white gloves and hat, looking as if she were arriving at a summer tea or cocktail party in the garden district†¦There is something about her uncertain manner, as well as her clothes, that suggests a moth. (qtd. In Bloom 51) Williams’s description leads others to perceive Blanche as an insecure, unassuming person, a typical Southern Belle-- a moth. Although the color of Blanche’s clothing suggests simplicity, the style of her clothing contrasts with the surrounding environment. Blanche is wearing this attire as she arrives at her sister’s home. Her sister lives in a run- down three-room apartment. The apartment contains th... ...erpretations of A Streetcar Named Desire: a Collection of Critical Essays.   Ed. Jordan Y. Miller.   New   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jersey: Prentice, 1971. Monarch Notes. "Works of Tennessee Williams." Williams, Tennessee, 1 Jan. 1963 (http://www.elibrary.com/s/edu mark/search). Preston, Rohan. "Actors Rev Up a Gritty, High-Octane ‘Streetcar’" Minneapolis StarTribune. 3 March 1999, 04E. "Streetcar’s Fiftieth Anniversary" All Things Considered. NPR. WWNO, New Orleans. 1 Dec. 1997. The American Heritage Dictionary, CD-ROM. Microsoft Bookshelf 98. Microsoft Corp. 1987-97. Williams, Dakin and Shephard Mead. Tennessee Williams: An Intimate Biography. New York:   Arbor House, 1998. Williams, Tennessee. "A Streetcar Named Desire" a New Directions Book, copyright 1947. Canada: Penguin, 1980. Williams, Tennessee. Memoirs. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1975.   

Comparison of a Position Argument and a Proposal Argument

6. 1 COMPARISON OF A POSITION ARGUMENT AND A PROPOSAL ARGUMENT |DISTINCTION |POSITION ARGUMENT |PROPOSAL ARGUMENT | |Definition of each |Proposal arguments, however, are arguments in which you |Position arguments are arguments in which you state your | | |request a change in policy or procedure of something that is|position on a certain issue and then proceed to argue the | | |already in place, like a new law or rule for example. stance you're taking on the issue with some well-documented | | | |evidence, research, and facts. |Key features of each |HAVE YOU: |HAVE YOU: | | |Chose a controversial issue |Clearly stated the problem | | |Clearly stated a position |Clearly proposed a solution | | |Recognized other positions and possible objections |Explained why the solution will work | | |Developed a well-reasoned argument |Demonstrated how the solution will work | | |Provided convincing support evidence |Addressed possible objections | | |Projected a reasonable persona |Shown why the solution is better than alternatives | | | |Projected a reasonable persona | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |How does each begin? |With an explanation of their issue and clearly stated |Because a proposal argument seeks to change the readers mind| | |position. or behavior, you must first demonstrate that there is such a| | | |problem. The writer should make the problem more convincing | | | |supporting the claim by showing solid evidence. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |How does each conclude? |Provide convincing supporting evidence in figures pacts and |Even though you may believe you have the best solution for | | |specific details. The more valid facts and supporting the |the problem, you cannot expect readers to follow | | |position the more reason there is for the reader to accept |automatically to share your opinion. The writer must explain| | |that the position is valid. |why you r solution is better than the alternatives. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

In-class Internet Use and Grades Essay

The use of internet in a classroom has provided only a few visible advantages to the students: search immediate answers to questions asked by the instructor, and familiarity with the use of technology, which may be used by them in the later stages of their professional career. However, an in-class internet use has several adverse consequences, including, distraction to oneself, neighboring students as well as the instructor, and abuse of internet technology when the students watch porn, or indulge in chatting, whereas their attention should be on the valuable focused content being taught by an experienced professor. Based on the findings from University of Colorado in Boulder, Fischman (2009) reported that a professor was instrumental in reducing the use of laptops in her classroom when she proved to the students that their grades were lower when they used the laptops in the classroom, while the grades were much higher when they stopped using the laptops in the classroom. Fischman highlighted that the internet connectivity of classrooms was a major problem all over the country since the students distract others by watching movies in the classroom. As a result, several universities had banned the use of laptops in the classrooms, while some had declared laptop-free zones. Anderson (2006) summarized the shocking results of a survey conducted by Michigan State University, which revealed that 20% of students using excessive internet, had either withdrawn from a course, or had shown lower grades; in comparison to only 8. 5% students with alcohol abuse problems, who had shown poor academic performance. Timmer (2009) claimed that in-class internet use spoils discipline in a leaning environment since the students from US Military Academy at West Point were distracted when they indulged in internet chatting. Thus, it can be concluded that in-class internet use is more of a bane than a boon for the inquisitive students as well as the experienced instructors. References Anderson, N. (September 20, 2006). Internet replaces Jack Daniel’s as â€Å"Best excuse for a C Average. † Ars Technica. Retrieved April 21, 2009, from http://digg. com/d12unJ Fischman, J. (March 16, 2009). Students stop surfing after being shown how in-class laptop use lowers test scores. Wired Campus. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved April 21, 2009, from http://chronicle. com/wiredcampus/article/3662/when-shown-how-in-class-laptop-use-lowers-test-scores-students-stop-surfing Timmer, J. (March 16, 2009). In-class laptop use sparks backlash, possibly lower grades. Ars Technica. Retrieved April 21, 2009, from http://arstechnica. com/science/news/2009/03/in-class-laptop-use-may-be-sparking-a-backlash. ars

Display advertising involved purchasing advertising space on websites Essay

3.Why did BBVA sign multiyear sponsorship deals with NBA and ESPN? Do you agree with this decision? To increase brand awareness. Yes, brand building is a long term process and needs continuous input. 4.What are the various steps in the online acquisition process and how can the bank improve this process? Paid search: Buy key words—ad shows up with the key word- banner with promotional offer(ipod, 5% cash back, or $100 to $150 in cash, under certain conditions)-link to official website–Open account Display: Buy ad space in prospect’s website— banner with promotional offer(ipod, 5% cash back, or $100 to $150 in cash, under certain conditions)-link to official website–Open account How they can do: Increase the people who see and click. Put more budget on Simply step/information required for online application. 5.What is the effective acquisition cost and lifetime value of customers acquired through the online channel? BBVA acquired its customers through its branches, website, telephone and direct mail. About 80% of the new checking accounts had been set up through BBVA’s branches, 15% through telephone and direct mail and 5% came from the on-line channel. BBVA’s goal was to keep the customer acquisition cost below $200 per new account. The bank considered acquisition cost between $100 and $150 to be good and below $100 to be great. The online channel had the least acquisition costs of all – on average, the effective cost of these promotions was about $100 for each new online checking customer. In the banking industry, the average lifetime value of a new checking account, with expected life of five years, is approximately $800. However, the net annual income generated by online customers is slightly higher than returns from clients using the local branch (online customers have lower balances and therefore pay higher fees). 6.What is the role of display and search advertising in acquiring new checking account customers? Is the 2010 advertising budget allocation between display and search appropriate? Paid search advertising entailed purchasing keywords on Google, Yahoo!, and Bing, the three major search engines. The largest portion of BBVA’s paid search budget was allocated for Google, as it had the biggest share of search queries. Words purchased included generic keywords, such as â€Å"consumer checking,† â€Å"checking account,† and â€Å"free checking account† as well as branded keywords, including â€Å"BBVA Compass† and â€Å"BBVA brand.† Buys for these keywords were analyzed and tracked through the bid management tool, which evaluated competitive prices, search volume and share of voice for each keyword. Media Contacts also sent weekly performance reports with analysis and recommendations for campaign optimization.

Economic of Employment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Economic of Employment - Essay Example Investment banking services include commodity trading, equity trading which are the shares of companies and finally futures and option trading. These are just some of the services they offer in the market and their main difference with the commercial banks is that they do not accept deposits by the clients as savings and also those they don't offer loans. The roles played by the investment banks in the market clearly indicates the type of activities in the bank, employment into an investment bank is usually very competitive and this is because the rewards and high plus other benefits, the firms also offer various personal development programs which enable workers to personally advance in the future. This paper discusses the various daily activities that are present in an investment bank, training programs in the investment bank, and requirements for one to be recruited into the industry, compensation and reward system and finally the problems faced by the investment banks. An investment ban can be defined as a form of bank acts as an intermediary between investors and capital companies and firms, their main purpose is to provide capital requirements of companies and firms in the market, for this reason they will trade in stocks and bonds, they will also undertake structuring and evaluations on mergers and acquisitions, below are the major functions of investment banks: Function: a. Advisory services: An investment bank will offer advice to clients regarding the various investments and business planning, advice will also be offered on strategic planning and financial restructuring in order to achieve a fair proposed transaction, this service is important in the market because most investors and business are not aware of risks involved and also potential profits in the market. These services are offered by those employed and for this reason we can conclude that an individual may be chosen to undertake advisory services in the organization, this services requires good communication skills and also a wide knowledge of the market regarding the various risks and profitability of these options. b. Trading and sales of stocks and option: An investment bank will sell and trade in stocks and new offering in the market, this service is offered to clients who wish to hold securities by buying or selling these securities to them, this process involves the calculation of risk involved in holding stocks sold to them by clients and communicating this information to the clients regarding what they will offer for the stocks. This process requires the hedge of risks of holding such options and also information on the prevailing prices in the market. This service therefore requires that an individual interested in joining the investment bank as an employee must be good in mathematics and also must have the ability to undertake accurate predictions regarding prices in the market in order to avoid losses that may be occurred due to improper decision making, for this reason therefore the recruitment process is very competitive and only the academically qualified applicants are considered. c. Capital

Urben design reflection paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Urben design reflection paper - Essay Example The actors in this case, are city dwellers and the stage provides room for acting scripts that make up their lives. The life in urban places usually affect people and their lives as they undertake their daily chores. People’s lives comprising of actions, relationships among city dwellers, and other activities are essential physical structures in any setting deemed to be a city Lewis Mumford’s point of view coincides with Louis Wirth’s stand that the city influences entire relationships among people living within it as well as their development activities. The author also decries the failure by city dwellers to comprehend and embrace the functional social setups of the city. Mumford expands the point of projection that people view the city from and delves into the analysis of the same a social institution instead of the traditional physical fact perspective. According to him, the city is a wholesome sense in itself, is a topographical plexus, an institutional proc ess, an economic organization, a platform for social action, and a hitherto artistic symbol of collective unity. Mumford moves away from the built environment while making analysis of a city. His viewpoint is rather broad and includes evaluation of the city as a centre of social set of connections and a theatre where people work out their definite activities by engaging in both cooperative and conflicting personalities, groups, and events to produce results that are more significant. The author appreciates the role of built environment as a natural habitat but he limits that role to a well-choreographed set stage. According to him, the built environment facilitates and in the process intensifies the performance of actors who are people in this case. The author explains that the primary character of a city is to create drama as much as all the basic structures of cities exist in other setups including suburbs as well. However, Mumford asserts the opportunity of engaging in social dis harmony and conflict only happens to those who access urban proximities and densities. In his words, a city is a special framework shaped towards the creation and development of differentiated chances for common life and an integral component of social drama. Lewis Mumford advanced the polynucleated ideology in the setup of contemporary cities. This idea proposes cities with various centres, which differs from mononucleated cities. These are cities with one centre. Mumford believes that his proposal comes with multiple benefits including the capacity to allow cities to expand constantly while the administration subdivides them into districts. This ideology would allow the expansion of emerging sprawls but with human considerations understanding aspects that are both manageable and practical. According to him, the practical factors should get the chance to determine the limiting factors including density, size, layout of the city, and area that deviate from the traditional technologi cal concerns and geographical reasons. Mumford highlights that limitations on size, area, and density are important to enhance effective social interactions bringing a better sociological understanding. Cities have the capacity to promote acceptable social values among the dwellers and increase the ability of human relationships and personalities. Mumford further defines a city as a space of societal culture and civilization. He holds this as the modern

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Case study - Essay Example As part of the consultancy services, the bank has found three major underlying problems that led to the issues faced by Hole in the Wall. They are namely, equating performance of the employees with their pay, isolating employees from collaborating and preventing innovation in the process and avoiding conflict management leading to unsettled quality issues and personal enmity. The report analyses the three root problems in details, explores a host of possible solutions for eliminating the problems and recommends the best possible solution to the company for implementation. Equating performance with pay The salesmen are paid exclusively by the commission per window sold, which is often sacrificed while negotiating with clients. The production and fitting teams are also paid based on the number of windows produced and fitted respectively. While this model of compensation is aimed at motivating employees, it leads to unstable salaries, unhealthy sales model and shoddy workmanship (Solomo n and Podgursky, n.d.; Hamel, 2013). To earn maximum commission, the salesmen make unrealistic promises to too many customers without co-ordinating with other units and then to commit to these orders, components are procured in a rush and windows are produced as early as possible, leading to substandard products made from substandard materials. As a result, windows are sent back to the factory for rework, thereby increasing the number of unsatisfied customers. Also, since sales are low during recession, numbers of windows fitted are also less, which leads to falling income of the fitting team, perhaps which is why one of the three fitting teams quit. There are two salary models that can replace performance-based pay and eliminate its consequences: a fixed salary and a hybrid salary. In a fixed salary structure, the employees are paid a consistent remuneration every month. This means they do not have to worry about the financial hardships that their families will go through in the ev ent of bad performance in a particular month due to low sales, economic recession or poor market conditions. This creates stability in income and uniformity in the quality of life, thereby giving a feeling of financial security and contention to the employees. It also boosts productivity as they have more time to focus on work and no worries to make ends meet. In a hybrid salary structure, the employees receive a minimum base pay every month that creates stability in income and uniformity in the quality of life, just like a fixed salary structure. However, outperforming employees also get additional variable income based on their performance, such as, higher sales, more units worked upon or overtime hours done at the factory. Therefore, if an employee wishes for a pay raise besides the regular appraisal, he or she may do so simply by giving a little more attention to work instead of looking for another job with higher salary. It also improves the company’s performance without pressurising employees to deliver more (UC San Diego, 2013). While both the pay structures can solve the present problem of inconsistent monthly remuneration and unhealthy race against time to earn more, the hybrid pay structure seems much more viable for Mr. Barker.

Investment appraisal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Investment appraisal - Essay Example This analysis has been conducted based on several financial theories related to equity valuation. 1 Introduction 1.1 History of Google Google, a name synonymous with world leader in specializing in internet related services and product. The product and services offered by Google are vast and its operations are expanding at a rapid pace. The primary services offered by this giant corporation include cloud computing, software and online advertising. As per the latest and historical financial analysis, the company has been deriving its main revenue from the Adwords. Google was founded Larry Page and Sergey Brin who own about 16% of the shares of the company as per the latest annual report of the company. Soon after the initial public offer (IPO), the company’s revenue, and in turn its profitability has increased by leaps and bounds. The initial public offering of the company took place on August 19, 2004. On this historical date, around 19,605,052 shares of the company were offer ed at a price of $85 per shares. The mode of the sale of the shares was suggested to be through online auction. Through this IPO, the company was able to generate a great deal of capital amount to around $ 1.67 billion resulting in a market capitalization of over $ 23 billion. However, the majority of the Google shares remained under the control of the Google. The paper evaluates the price of the shares of Google at the time of its IPO. Through applying different equity valuation method, it can be evaluated whether the share was overpriced or under priced. 2Financial Valuation 2.1 Introduction to equity valuation Equity valuation can be defined as the process of identifying the current market value of the company which is also regarded as the current market capitalization of the company. There are several step of equity valuation process and it requires an adequate understanding of financial management techniques and acumen. 2.2 Equity valuation techniques The most important step in equity valuation process is the selection of an appropriate valuation model. Few models widely used in financial evaluation are as under: Net Asset Valuation Price Earning Valuation Dividend growth model Based on the above valuation models, an analyst predicts the equity value of the company by selecting any one of the above mentioned models which appears to be apt in the circumstances. Finally the investor must make an investment decision based on the calculated value of equity in the above step. This decision involves investment recommendation to the investor whether it is financially feasible to invest in the stock of the company being valued or not. If the analyst concludes that the equity value of the company is as such which is significantly greater than the current book value of the company, then it represents that the company will reap benefits in the future for the investors, thus the investment decision would be financially viable. 2.3 Net Asset Valuation Net asset valuat ion is also called the net worth of a company. It is simple valuation model which is based on the recoded balance on the balance sheet items of a company. The stock price of the share under this model can be calculated by divided the net

Rwandan and Guatemalan Genocide Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Rwandan and Guatemalan Genocide - Term Paper Example As the definition of political self and political others has different connotation in different ages. (Mamdani, 2002). Mamdani is of the view that genocide has to be understood 'within the logic of colonialism.' Since the colonialism generated two types of impulses of genocide: the genocide of natives by the colonialists [settlers] and second was the impulse of natives to do away with the settlers. But the violence of natives was not taken as genocide for it all was justified by the application of self defense. As for Fanon the violence of the natives intended to end the violence of the usurpers [the colonialists] and such violence germinated the seed of a new humanism. Rwanda is the smallest country in Central Africa; comprising of population of 7 million people. There exist two main ethnic groups in the country; the Hutu (80-90%) and Tutsis (10-15%). During the colonial occupation of Belgium the Tutsis were the ruling elite dominating the Hutu peasantry. After the independence of Rwanda in 1962 the Hutu majority took over the power. The new ruling elite started oppressing the Tutsis forcing them to flee and consequently, 200,000 Tutsis fled to the neighboring countries. The Tutsis in retaliation formed the Rwanda Patriotic Front which succeeded in forcing the Hutu president in 1990to concede to the power sharing agreement. (seehttp://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/genocide/rwanda.htm) The ethnic tension in Rwanda was heightened in 1993 after the assassination of Melchior Ndadaye, the first elect Hutu president of neighboring Burundi. 25000 peace keeping troops of the United Nations were dispatched to take care of the 'fragile cease fire' between the Tutsis rebels and the Hutu government. As the Hutu were reluctant to share power with.Tutsis and wanted annihilation of the rival tribe. In April 1994, Rwanda president Habyalimana and the new president of Burundi Cyprien Ntaryamira had a several peace meetings with Tutsi rebels. On April 6 when the two presidents were coming from Tanzania were killed on the Kigali airport by gunning down their plan. This incident fanned the political violence in Rwanda as the Hutu started killing their opponents even the moderates Hutus were not spared. The Study of the Genocide in Rwanda: Mamdani(2002) has the view that genocide has to be understood "within the logic of colonialism". A few lines published In the article The Genocide in 20th Century , on the site The History Place may help us to focus our study on the above

Statistics for Management Essay Example for Free

Statistics for Management Essay Q1. Define â€Å"Statistics†. What are the functions of Statistics? Distinguish between Primary data and Secondary data. Answer: Statistics: Statistics as a discipline is considered indispensable in almost all spheres of human knowledge. There is hardly any branch of study which does not use statistics. Scientific, social and economic studies use statistics in one form or another. These disciplines make-use of observations, facts and figures, enquiries and experiments etc. using statistics and statistical methods. Statistics studies almost all aspects in an enquiry. It mainly aims at simplifying the complexity of information collected in an enquiry. It presents data in asimplified form as to make them intelligible. It analyses data and facilitates drawal of conclusions. Important functions of statistics: Presents facts in simple form: Statistics presents facts and figures in a definite form. That makes the statement logical andconvincing than mere description. It condenses the whole mass of figures into a singlefigure. This makes the problem intelligible. Reduces the Complexity of data: Statistics simplifies the complexity of data. The raw data are unintelligible. We make themsimple and intelligible by using different statistical measures. Some such commonly usedmeasures are graphs, averages, dispersions, skewness, kurtosis, correlation and regressionetc. These measures help in interpretation and drawing inferences. Therefore, statisticsenables to enlarge the horizon of ones knowledge. Facilitates comparison: Comparison between different sets of observation is an important function of statistics. Comparison is necessary to draw conclusions as Professor Boddington rightly points out.† the object of statistics is to enable comparison between past and present results to ascertaint he reasons for changes, which have taken place and the effect of such changes in future. Soto determine the efficiency of any measure comparison is necessary. Statistical devices likeaverages, ratios, coefficients etc. are used for the purpose of comparison. Testing hypothesis: Formulating and testing of hypothesis is an important function of statistics. This helps indeveloping new theories. So statistics examines the truth and helps in innovating new ideas. Formulation of Policies: Statistics helps in formulating plans and policies in different fields. Statistical analysis of data forms the beginning of policy formulations. Hence, statistics is essential for planners,economists, scientists and administrators to prepare different plans and programmes. Forecasting: The future is uncertain. Statistics helps in forecasting the trend and tendencies. Statisticaltechniques are used for predicting the future values of a variable. For example a producerforecasts his future production on the basis of the present demand conditions and his pastexperiences. Similarly, the planners can forecast the future population etc. considering thepresent population trends. Derives valid inferences: Statistical methods mainly aim at deriving inferences from an e nquiry. Statistical techniques are often used by scholars’ planners and scientists to evaluate different projects. These techniques are also used to draw inferences regarding population parameters on the basis of sample information. Statistics is very helpful in the field of business, research, Education etc., some of the uses of Statistics are: Statistics helps in providing a better understanding and exact description of aphenomenon of nature. Statistics helps in proper and efficient planning of a statistical inquiry in any field of study. Statistical helps in collecting an appropriate quantitative data. Statistics helps in presenting complex data in a suitable tabular, diagrammatic andgraphic form for any easy and comprehension of the data. Statistics helps in understanding the nature and pattern of variability of aphenomenon through quantitative observations. Statistics helps in drawing valid inference, along with a measure of their reliability about the population parameters from the sample data. Any statistical data can be classified under two categories depending upon the sources utilized. These categories are, 1. Primary data 2. Secondary data Primary Data: Primary data is the one, which is collected by the investigator himself for the purpose of aspecific inquiry or study. Such data is original in character and is generated by surveyconducted by individuals or research institution or any organisation. 1.The collection of data by the method of personal survey is possible only if thearea covered by the investigator is small. Collection of data by sending theenumerator is bound to be expensive. Care should be taken twice that theenumerator record correct information provided by the informants. 2.Collection of primary data by framing a schedules or distributing and collecting questionnaires by post is less expensive and can be completed in shorter time. 3.Suppose the questions are embarrassing or of complicated nature or the questionsprobe into personnel affairs of individuals, then the schedules may not be filledwith accurate and correct information and hence this method is unsuitable 4.The information collected for primary data is mere reliable than those collectedfrom the secondary data.Importance of Primary data cannot be neglected. A research can be conducted withoutsecondary data but a research based on only secondary data is least reliable and may have biasesbecause secondary data has already been manipulated by human beings. In statistical surveys it isnecessary to get information from primary sources and work on primary data: for example, thestatistical records of female population in a country cannot be based on newspaper, magazine and other printed sources. One such sources are old and secondly they contain limitedinformation as well as they can be misleading and biased. Secondary Data: Secondary data are those data which have been already collected and analysed bysome earlier agency for its own use; and later the same data are used by a different agency. According to W.A.Neiswanger, ‘ A primary source is a publication in which the data are published by the same authority which gathered and analysed them. A secondary source is apublication, reporting the data which have been gathered by other authorities and for which others are responsible’. 1.Secondary data is cheap to obtain. Many government publications are relatively cheapand libraries stock quantities of secondary data produced by the government, bycompanies and other organizations. 2.Large quantities of secondary data can be got through internet. 3.Much of the secondary data available has been collected for many years and therefore itcan be used to plot trends. 4.Secondary data is of value to: The government help in making decisions and planning future policy. Business and industry in areas such as marketing, and sales in order to appreciate the general economic and social conditions and to provide information on competitors. Research organizations by providing social, economical and industrial information. Secondary data can be less valid but its importance is still there. Sometimes it is difficult toobtain primary data; in these cases getting information from secondary sources is easier andpossible. Sometimes primary data does not exist in such situation one has to confine the researchon secondary data. Sometimes primary data is present but the respondents are not willing toreveal it in such case too secondary data can suffice: for example, if the research is on thepsychology of transsexuals first it is difficult to find out transsexuals and second they may not bewilling to give information you want for your research, so you can collect data from books orother published sources.