How Social Networks and Social Media Create and Support a Learning Organization Essay

A Learning Organization is a culture that nurtures learning. As such, processes encourage interaction. The entire infrastructure is one that prioritizes interaction that facilities learning. Creativity and problem solving techniques are inherent in learning organization and the appropriate skills and motivation are available for the learning organization to strive (Background Information, Module 3). When we consider social networks and social media, we can be left wondering if communication can truly be at the optimal level through social networks and social media. The reality is that technology and the communication that is embedded in it is growing exponentially. The concept of social learning has roots in a social constructivist approach, where learning is a self-directed, problem-based, and collaborative process (Bang and Dalsgaard, 2006). Through involvement in activities, learners must attempt to solve a problem according to their own process. Now, this may seem simple if learners were physically amongst each other to share the processes. However, the social networks and social media do allow for a very supporting learning environment. One thing that should be understood is that although there is a plethora of technological resources available, individuals must be able to tap into these resources in order to make use of social networks and social media to then, support a learning environment. Resources are information assets: media, people, places, or ideas. However, such resources are not learning materials until learners actively use them (Hannafin, Land, and Oliver 1999, p. 119). The internet, as a technological platform is a prime example of collaboration at its’ best. In his Techlearning blog of March 5, 2008, Steve Hargadon identified trends spurred on by the â€Å"two-way† nature of the Internet. These are trends that have significant impact on learning and education. According to Hargadon, there is a â€Å"new publishing revolution† arising from a shift in content creation for the Internet. At first, the Internet was a one-directional presentation medium where users received and read passively. Now the Internet is becoming an interactive platform, also known as Web 2. 0, based on contribution and collaboration. Blogs, wikis, file sharing, social networking, and other forms are revolutionizing how we create online content. In his blog entry, Hargadon discussed how he replies to questions that people ask about content overload. His response reflects how social networking and social learning flow into one another naturally, as social constructivism suggests they will. He said, â€Å"It is in the act of our becoming a creator that our relationship with content changes, and we become more engaged and more capable at the same time. † In other words, by participating we learn to become. Touro University boasts the Threaded Discussion Forum, which allows at ones’ fingertips the ability to communicate in the convenience of one’s’ own time and place, as well as the response of back and forth communication of their classmates and professors. Students can then â€Å"blog† or communicate through other platforms like Skype. â€Å"Virtually† the only missing ingredient in all of the communication forums technology has to offer is the personal face to face where we are physically there to communicate with one another. One can argue that such spatial communication really do not add anything unique to what can be facilitated virtually. Other companies are likewise making strides in this direction. Microsoft offers its Office-based sharing technology, SharePoint. IBM implemented the use of blogs (26,000 registered), wikis (100,000 users), social bookmarking (DogEar), and social networking tools in their organization. IBM even owns 50 islands on Second Life for use in orientations, classes, and meetings! Change is inevitable. We see that technology continues to evolve, along with how people connect and contribute to the creation of content within virtual communities. We either adapt, or fall behind. In his January, 2008 paper, David Wilkins explores the importance of supporting social networks in the workplace, or â€Å"Workplace Communities. † Wilkins reviews social learning on the job in terms of improving employee development, performance, and growth, as well as its effect on workplace innovation. Wilkins shows a number of ways in which workplace communities support employee development, performance, and growth. They provide a mechanism for apprenticeship models, connecting less-skilled workers with their more experienced colleagues through social networking technologies. Communities can add an â€Å"Ask an Expert† feature to their network, to make it possible to leverage the expertise of individuals or groups. This forum echoes the Touro experience as professors respond to our Threaded Discussions, never in an evaluative manner, but in a way in which a professional and friendly dialogue is encouraged. Communities foster ownership of learning, according to Wilkins. The social aspect of communities can facilitate the â€Å"meeting† of content consumers with content producers through social networking. This social aspect of content provides an avenue for additional social networking and mentoring opportunities, and further empowers the workforce by providing opportunities for them [the consumers] to contribute, resulting in significant increases in the volume of content. This has the dual benefit of helping with both retention and productivity, while also moving the organization toward a deeper, more ingrained use of learning and knowledge. † (Wilkins, p. 6) Communities allow for the generation of a range of content types that appeal to different learning styles, levels, and objectives. Online resources include blogs and wikis, audio, and video. They may also include traditional learning courses and materials, and typical Office documents. Through sharing information, the workplace community provides access to immediate, relevant, and appropriate content suited to the needs of the individual. An extension of traditional training and development modes, communities offer a fluid way to support employee performance development and efficiency. Success requires free flow of ideas, and support by stakeholders, for communication between networks. It takes time to establish these conditions, and a carefully thought-out plan is essential. Indeed, a learning organization can thrive with the utilization of social networks and social media. These are convenient for everyone and are conducted in ways that are perhaps even more powerful, productive, positive, and as simple than face to face platforms. Certainly, the convenience and quality I have received within the on-line learning organization is top-notch, and great enough for me to dismiss any idea of traditional places of learning. Without the technology, individuals will truly be left behind as the technological race pushes forward. Reference http://www.ibm.com/blogs/zz/en/guidelines.html

One Hundred Years of Solitude by Marquz – Destructive Consequences of Solitude IOP

Solitude is defined as remoteness from society or the state of being remote from others. In Marquez' OHYOS, solitude is what ultimately brings the village of Macondo to its tragic end. Throughout the novel we explore the interesting theme of the various forms and reasons behind solitude and its consequences. Psychological studies show that, on the individual level, various needs are assumed to promote growth and self-actualization. For instance, John Burton's Deviance, Terrorism and War specifies eight basic human necessities: the need for others' response (and consistency thereof); stimulation; security (for instance, freedom from everyday preoccupation with death fears); recognition (through which individuals receive social confirmations that their reactions to social stimulations are relevant and approved); distributive justice (not merely a consistency in response but a response or reward deemed appropriate in terms of individuals' experiences and expectations); the need to appear rational (which follows from the need for consistency of response– rationality calls attention to the fact that there is a need for consistent behavior in others); need for meaning to be deduced from consistent response; and the need for a sense of control. From this list are various â€Å"camps† promoting the centrality of their distinctive need systems. These include, for instance, the need to belong, to bond or connect with others; the need for meaningfulness and the need for transcendence. As put by Richard Nixon, â€Å"Unless a person has a reason to live for other than himself, he will die–first mentally, then emotionally, then physically. † Studies of terminally ill individuals reveal the need for assurance that they have a legacy, that their lives made a difference, and that others are who they are because of oneself and that these others will carry one's memory with them. The mere fact that isolation is commonly known as a form of torture demonstrates that too much solitude leads to destructive consequences. These studies are relative to my topic because throughout the novel we encounter situations in which characters are driven to insanity as a result of their solitude, even if it is a self-selected decision. To quote Francis Bacon, â€Å"Whosoever is delighted with solitude is either a wild beast or god. † One is the example of Jose Arcadio Buendia, the first great solitary of the novel. He becomes so obsessed in his pursuit for truth and knowledge that he neglects his family and ultimately loses all touch with outer reality. Another is the example of Colonel Aureliano Buendia, who retreats into the solitude of his sadness and becomes incapable of expressing emotion other than sorrow and resignation. Aureliano Buendia is an interesting character because, in the novel, he first expresses his clear preference for solitude after his encounter with a girl who is forced to sleep with other men in order to pay her debt to her grandmother. Because he feels uncomfortable in society, he retreats into the comfort of his own solitude, which brings me to introduce psychologist Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs. The hierarchy of needs is a sequential, graduating set of needs that a person must satisfy to reach one's full potential or self-actualization. The needs are ranked bottom from top as physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, self-esteem needs, and self actualization. These needs must be satisfied in order to get to the top, but one may go backward as well as forward, which relates to the theme of time as a cycle, and the Buendia's inability to progress. Because they are unwilling to communicate outside of themselves, the Buendia family is never able to move forward but moves instead in cycles, or a downward spiral, collapsing in on itself. According to Marlow, when one is unable to achieve the needs of love and belonging, it is assumed they regress back to the stage of securing their safety needs, which is most clearly demonstrated in Aureliano Buendias case. The solitary characters are often contrasted to the antisolitary characters of the novel such as Ursula Buendias and Pilar Ternera, and other characters who combat their solitude. Ursula Buendias and Pilar Ternera both live very long lives and devote their lives to strengthening social bonds. In her younger years, Pilar Ternera comforts the Buendia men with her sex and bear many of their children. She is extremely prosperous as the madame of a nunnery, which stands for a bountiful sexuality. Many other instances in the novel indicate that sex and love is used to combat solitude, especially the notion of free love. The most obvious example for this is perhaps the cold, barren relationship of Aureliano Segundo and Fernanda del Carpio in contrast with his relationship with Petra Cotes, in which his farm animals begin to proliferate and bring him great prosperity. This instance conveys the message that sexual liberation leads to progress and prosperity. Incest is a secondary theme of solitude. Essentially, incest is the practice of keeping family members within the family, which demonstrates the Buendias' habit of isolating themselves from the rest of the community and their inability to reach out to others. The incest that occurs throughout the novel only perpetuates the Buendias' solitude, and reflects the eventual destruction of the town. From the very beginning of the novel, Ursula warns of deformity as a result of incestuous relationships, and ironically, the last of the Buendias is born with the tail of a pig, and ends the family line. The novel ends with an interesting passage, in which the narrator explains, â€Å"He had already understood that he would never leave†¦ races condemned to 100 years of solitude did not have a second opportunity on earth. † Here solitude can be seen very differently, portraying the solitude of Latin America forced upon their race by the West, who denies their access to the opportunities of the developed world, in comparison to the Buendias inability to join the moving world. â€Å"The opposite of solitude is solidarity,† says Marquez. Solidarity is defined as a union of interests, purposes or sympathies among members of a group, or a fellowship of responsibilities and interests, an obvious lacking quality in the town of Macondo. Psychological studies show that social systems have various â€Å"needs† to function successfully. There is, for instance, the social need for a collectively shared sense of order and that rules for a society's game board of life are understood and respected by all social actors. An ordered world is a predictable world and the essence of society is the predictability of its members' actions. There are the needs for solidarity between social members (including, as anthropologist Clyde Kluckhohn observed, â€Å"a set of common values that give meaning and purpose to group life†), their willingness to accept their social duties and to make personal sacrifices for the welfare of others, and their cooperation with each other. Further, if we perceive social systems to be analogous to organisms struggling to survive in potentially hostile environments, there are such individual needs as defense, coordinated action toward collective goals, and the ability to adapt to challenging new internal and external conditions. The Buendias are obviously lacking in this cooperative quality and often struggle with their meaning in life, which is reflected in the destruction of the town. In quoting HG Wells, â€Å"A downtrodden class.. will never be able to make an effective protest until it achieves solidarity. † In order for the Buendias to leave their solitude, solidarity must first be achieved. From this it can be concluded that Marquez is promoting the same message for the solitude of Latin America, having been so long controlled by the West, before they must suffer the consequences of Macondo and the Buendia family.

Criminology and Terrorism

J. Paul BatraProfessor Barnes Research Paper Final due 4/19/10 April 1, 2010 Terrorism Introduction Terrorism is defined loosely based on the Latin word Terre, which means to frighten. To be considered an act of terrorism, which is a political crime, an act must carry with it the intent to disrupt and the change the government and should not be merely a common-law crime committed for greed or egotism. The discipline of economics has many concepts that are relevant to an understanding of terrorism — supply and demand — costs and benefits, etc. Fully-developed economic or econometric models of terrorism are quite rare, however, and often involve such things as â€Å"psychic† costs and benefits (Nyatepe-Coo 2004). More down-to-earth economic theories can be found in the literature on deterrence. Rational choice theory, in particular, has found a place in criminology, and holds that people will engage in crime after weighing the costs and benefits of their actions to arrive at a rational choice about motivation after perceiving that the chances of gain outweigh any possible punishment or loss. The second theory that can explain the motivation behind terrorism is the relative deprivation hypothesis which is the idea that as a person goes about choosing their values and interests, they compare what they have and don't have, as well as what they want or don't want, with real or imaginary others. The person then usually perceives a discrepancy between what is possible for them and what is possible for others, and reacts to it with anger or an inflamed sense of injustice. We should be advised that debates exist within criminology regarding relative deprivation and terrorism, on the one hand, with the anomie or strain tradition which finds causal influence in such objectivist factors as Gross Domestic Product, and on the other hand, with the left realist tradition which finds causal influence in subjective experiences of deprivation or discomfort Crime Characteristics of Terrorism: Terrorism is not new, and even though it has been used since the beginning of recorded history it can be relatively hard to define. Terrorism has been described variously as both a tactic and strategy; a crime and a holy duty; a justified reaction to oppression and an inexcusable abomination. Obviously, a lot depends on whose point of view is being represented. Terrorism has often been an effective tactic for the weaker side in a conflict. As an asymmetric form of conflict, it confers coercive power with many of the advantages of military force at a fraction of the cost. Due to the secretive nature and small size of terrorist organizations, they often offer opponents no clear organization to defend against or to deter. The United States Department of Defense defines terrorism as â€Å"the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological. † Within this definition, there are three key elements—violence, fear, and intimidation—and each element produce terror in its victims. The FBI uses this: â€Å"Terrorism is the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. † The U. S. Department of State defines â€Å"terrorism† to be â€Å"premeditated politically-motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience. (International Terrorism and Security Research). Technological terrorism is defined as actions directed against infrastructure elements critically important for national security or committed with the use of especially hazardous technologies, technical means, and materials. In considering technological terrorism scenarios, the primary impact factors of such terrorist acts initiate secondary catastrophic processes with a significantly higher (tens and hundreds of times) level of secondary impact factors that affect the targets of the ttack, their personnel, the public, and the environment. (Nikolai A. Makhutov, Vitaly P. Petrov, and Dmitry O. Reznikov, Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Machine Sciences )Although what we don't know about the psychology of terrorism is more than what we do know, there have been several promising attempts to merge or combine psychology with sociology (and criminal justice) into what might be called terrorist profiling (Russell and Miller 1977; Bell 1982; Galvin 1983; Strentz 1988; Hudson 1999). This line of inquiry actually has a long history, and includes what rare studies exist of female terrorists. The earliest study (Russell and Miller 1977) found that the following people tend to join terrorist organizations: †¢ 22-25 years of age †¢ 80% male, with women in support roles †¢ 75-80% single †¢ 66% middle or upper class background †¢ 66% some college or graduate work †¢ 42% previous participation in working class advocacy groups †¢ 17% unemployed †¢ 18% strong religious beliefs IBLIOGRAPHY NOTE: Characteristics of Technological Terrorism Scenarios and Impact Factors* http://www. nap. edu/openbook. php? record_id=12490=53 The Economics theory of Rational Choice Theory as a theory of terrorism contends that these criminals usually come to believe their actions will be beneficial — to themselves, their community, or society — AND they must come to see that crime pays, or is at least a risk-free way to better their situatio n. Perhaps the most well-known version of this idea in criminology is routine activities theory (Cohen and Felson 1979), which postulates that three conditions must be present in order for a crime to occur: (1) suitable targets or victims who put themselves at risk; (2) the absence of capable guardians or police presence; and (3) motivated offenders or a pool of the unemployed and alienated. Other rational choice theories exist which delve further into models of decision making. In the few models of collective iolence that have found their way into criminology, the Olson hypothesis (source unknown) suggests that participants in revolutionary violence predicate their behavior on a rational cost-benefit calculus to pursue the best course of action given the social circumstances. Bibligraphy note: (THEORIES AND CAUSES OF TERRORISM) http://www. apsu. edu/oconnort/3400/3400lect02. htm) .   As far as we know, most terrorists feel that they are doing nothing wrong when they kill and injure p eople. They seem to share a feature of the psychological condition known as antisocial personality disorder or psychopathic personality disorder, which is reflected by an absence of empathy for the suffering of others. However, they do not appear unstable or mentally ill for this. A common feature is a type of thinking such as â€Å"I am good and right. You are bad and wrong. †Ã‚   It is a very polarized thinking which allows them to distance themselves from opponents and makes it easier for them to kill people. It is not the same kind of simplistic thinking one would expect from someone with low intelligence or moral development. Most terrorists are of above average intelligence and have sophisticated ethical and moral development. A closed-minded certainty is a common feature of terrorist thinking. (Merari 1990). Relative Deprivation occurs where individuals or groups subjectively perceive themselves as unfairly disadvantaged over others perceived as having similar attributes and deserving similar rewards (their reference groups). It is in contrast with absolute deprivation, where biological health is impaired or where relative levels of wealth are compared based on objective differences – although it is often confused with the latter. Subjective experiences of deprivation are essential and, indeed, relative deprivation is more likely when the differences between two groups narrows so that comparisons can be easily made than where there are caste-like differences. The discontent arising from relative deprivation has been used to explain radical politics (whether of the left or the right), messianic religions, the rise of social movements, industrial disputes and the whole plethora of crime and deviance. The usual distinction made is that religious fervour or demand for political change are a collective response to relative deprivation whereas crime is an individualistic response. But this is certainly not true of many crimes – for example, smuggling, poaching or terrorism – which have a collective nature and a communal base and does not even allow for gang delinquency which is clearly a collective response. The connection is, therefore, largely under-theorized – a reflection of the separate development of the concept within the seemingly discrete disciplines of sociology of religion, political sociology and criminology. The use of relative deprivation in criminology is often conflated with Merton's anomie theory of crime and deviance and its development by Cloward and Ohlin, and there are discernible, although largely unexplored, parallels. Anomie theory involves a disparity between culturally induced aspirations (eg success in terms of the American Dream) and the opportunities to realise them. The parallel is clear: this is a subjective process wherein discontent is transmuted into crime. Furthermore, Merton in his classic 1938 article, ‘Social Structure and Anomie', clearly understands the relative nature of discontent explicitly criticising theories which link absolute deprivation to crime by pointing to poor countries with low crime rates in contrast to the wealthy United States with a comparatively high rate. But there are clear differences, in particular Mertonian anomie involves an inability to realise culturally induced notions of success. It does not involve comparisons between groups but individuals measuring themselves against a general goal. The fact that Merton, the major theorist of reference groups, did not fuse this with his theory of anomie is, as Runciman notes, very strange but probably reflects the particular American concern with ‘winners' and ‘losers' and the individualism of that culture. The empirical implications of this difference in emphasis are, however, significant: anomie theory would naturally predict the vast majority of crime to occur at the bottom of society amongst the ‘losers' but relative deprivation theory does not necessarily have this overwhelming class focus. For discontent can be felt anywhere in the class structure where people perceive their rewards as unfair compared to those with similar attributes. Thus crime would be more widespread although it would be conceded that discontent would be greatest amongst the socially excluded. The future integration of anomie and relative deprivation theory offers great promise in that relative deprivation offers a much more widespread notion of discontent and its emphasis on subjectivity insures against the tendency within anomie theory of merely measuring objective differences in equality (so called ‘strain' theory) whereas anomie theory, on its part, offers a wider structural perspective in terms of the crucial role of differential opportunity structures and firmly locates the dynamic of deprivation within capitalist society as a whole. To be completed: Application: Conclusion: Bibliography

Humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Humanities - Essay Example The passage itself is situated almost directly after Anna finishes speaking to Dido and is relayed by the narrator. The passage is highly complex as multitudes of competing meanings are occurring. The narrator begins, â€Å"Across the city/ She wanders in her frenzy–even as a heedless hind hit by an arrow when a shepherd drives for game.† Here the narrator is comparing Dido to a sheep that has been struck by an arrow. This is significant as one of the major themes of the Aeneid is the force of the god’s on human existence, and by using the arrow as a element of love, Virgil is showing that Dido’s ‘frenzy’ isn’t necessarily of her own doing. Indeed, Juno has conspired to bring Aeneas and Dido together to forestall Aeneas’ journey to Italy, and has made Dido an unknowing volunteer in the ploy. However, the passage continues, â€Å"with darts among the Cretan woods and, unawares, from far leaves the winging steel inside her flesh.† In this regard, one must consider that Aeneas, rather than Juno or Cupid, is the shepherd that has wounded Dido, as Aeneas is the most ‘unaware(s)’ of the lasting effect has had on Dido. In this sense, one must consider a passage from book two when Aeneas is watching the Greek’s ravage Troy and compares himself to a shepherd, When among standing corn a spark falls with a fierce south wind to fan it, or the impetuous stream of a mountain torrent sweeps the fields, sweeps the joyous crops and the bollocks’ toil, and drives the woods headlong before, in perplexed amazement a shepherd takes in the crash from a rock’s tall summit. In this regard Aeneas is the shepherd watching the in amazement as nature takes its toll symbolically on the fields – literally Troy. The different positions – Dido as sheep and Aeneas as shepherd – are significant as it demonstrates Aeneas steadfast resistance to outside factors that might hinder his path toward Italy.

Volcanoes and Tsunamis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Volcanoes and Tsunamis - Assignment Example Volcanic eruption creates various landforms such as plateaus, volcanic mountains and igneous rocks. The volcanic ash causes serious atmospheric challenges including acid rain and vision blockage affecting the flight industry. Plateaus, mountains, and volcanic ash are features that occur during eruption. Mountains and ash occur when lava is extruded at high pressure while plateaus occur when molten lava flows under low pressure and covers a wide area. The eruption of the Yellowstone Volcano creates a serious challenge for Tri-state especially because it will disrupt transport and may lead to loss of life because of the thrown up Lava. The state must be prepared for any eventuality because active volcanos may be triggered by slipping fault lines. Preparation for eventuality includes system monitoring for changes in the society. An earthquake in the sea causes massive water displacement which in turn accelerates towards the shores. The volume of water displaced causes serious challenge because as it travels it gains massive speeds which destroy everything along its path. The reduction of sea depth as the wave reaches the shore makes the water to gain more acceleration because it is forced to travel upwards. The restriction of sea depth and weight of the water increases the acceleration and thus increases t ability of the tsunami to destroy everything along its path. Coastal vegetation reduces the impact of tsunami by reducing velocity. Vegetation along the coastal shore will effectively reduce the destruction capacity of the tsunami. Sea depth is vital because it increases absorption of shocks. However, the declining depth increases the height of the water thus increasing destruction along the shores. The collapse of the protective walls of japan is as a result of the earth movements which affected the foundation of the walls by creating fault lines which in turn led to the collapse of the wall after impact. The result of the The aftershocks of the earthquake

Administration and Executive support Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Administration and Executive support - Essay Example On the other hand, other than key skills administrative assistants must have certain key qualities that will make them effective and efficient. Some of the key qualities include the ability to prioritize as well remain calm within the organization. In addition, an administrative assistant must have the quality of working under pressure whilst remaining focused. The reason behind such qualities is the fact that MA (administrative assistant) role is usually directly under the manager who may transfer their stress to the assistant or even pressurize them when operations are not going on as planned (Frisch, 2002). (b) Demonstrate with the use of a visual aid (individual Action plan), the different methods for developing your MA skills to help you to develop in your role in supporting formal meetings, projects and personal scheduling Document production, filing, and dispatch training will provide an opportunity to the administrative assistant to learn how to produce documents, file the same, as well as dispatch the documents to various departments or individuals within the organization Through secretariat courses, administrative individuals will be able to develop knowledge and skills that are involved in not only liaising but also performing various functions of a secretary, which directly correlates to the manager or role performed such as acting as personal assistant In the event that accounting and finance department are unable to handle petty cash within the manager’s office, the administrative assistant should be given the mandate to handle such cash. However, handling such cash requires accounting skills obtainable through accounting and finance courses (a) Define the term stakeholder and produce a table to identify and classify at least ten different stakeholder groups (both internal and external) for this organization. For each stakeholder identified, explain their power and influence. A stakeholder is defined as any person, group,

Snack Bars Sales Promotions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Snack Bars Sales Promotions - Essay Example The promotions will be under $150,000 dollars budget. The $150,000 will cater for the advertisement cost. The promotions will be of advertisements through the major Television stations and radios. A portion of the budget will finance the television and radio advertisements. In attempt to promote the new product, the same budget will finance press release in other broadcasting media like newspaper, posters and banners. Also, promotions will be done through the newspapers and banners in the targeted cities. The message will be that we sell different types of snacks at an affordable price, which will suit the growing number of middle-class people in the country. Our personal selling objective will be creating awareness to the people who are working of our products. It is evident that there will be delivery services of our products to the customers comfort. The budget for this is $200,000 dollars, which will cater for the delivery of the snacks to the customers. It will involve 30 salesp eople who will be allocated in different areas. Their roles will be to sell the brand of Snack Bars and get as many orders as possible. The $200,000 will finance the transportation of the product from the producing cite to the convenience of the customers by the 30 salespeople with the use of vehicles and motorbikes. Publicity is essential if our company will become successful in Indonesia. The budget allocated for this is 100,000 dollars. The publicity will be achieved through frequent press release in popular newspapers and business journals.

Reflective analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reflective analysis - Assignment Example The use of the particular voice, tone, or even rhythm in the narration helps the author in creating an element of mystery all through the narrative and especially at the end of the account where he keeps the mystery about the young man open-ended. In the narrative account, the narrator begins with a focus on the hero's entering to the scene and there is exclusive account of the features of the person along with his way of walking, talking, and gesturing. Similarly, the author has been effective in creating a piece of great organization through keeping all the accounts related to the person of interest. Another noticeable feature of the narrative is the use of diction and he has been effective in keeping things simple while narrating the events concerning the mysterious ways of the young man's behavior. The readers gain an interesting perspective of approaching strange elements in life and the author's tone and diction help them greatly in appreciating the beauty of the passage.

Government 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Government 2 - Assignment Example They are called standing panels for they handle specific subjects e.g. Agriculture or Armed Services. Woodrow Wilson was right since when the committees of Congress are on, all members are involved in giving full attention to a specific issue and this carries the highest chance of giving better result. The majority party manages to control all the committees of the house by having more numbers in the house and in the committees. The party does so as to ensure that the party fulfils the goals it had for the administration. The policies that are practice by the United States include: treaties and alliances, the United Nations, nuclear weapons testing international trade, the defense budget and also foreign economic and military aid. The right of legation has always been respected as diplomats act as the proxies of their countries and respecting and ensuring their welfare maintains the important relations that exist between nations. This country will never be fully protected from terrorism as America hoses most of these terrorists who have infiltrated the country. However, if more vigilance and surveillance is done, terrorists might be kept at

Identity, belief and contrast between deontological and teleological Essay

Identity, belief and contrast between deontological and teleological ethical systems - Essay Example Teleology, on the other hand is the philosophical study of design, purpose, directive principle, or finality in nature or human creations. Teleology traditionally is contrasted with philosophical naturalism, which views nature as lacking design or purpose. Two classic examples of these opposing views are found in Aristotle and Lucretius, the former as a supporter of teleology and the latter as a supporter of what is now called philosophical naturalism. Apart from these two ideals there are the seven major ethical systems that are regarded as the most ethical of the ethical systems. These are Relativism, Kant's Categorical Imperative, Utilitarianism, Commandments of God, The Children's Ethics, Darwinian Ethics and Rousseau and Nietzsche's idea of will and ideal. Relativism is the ethic of no ethics. It is considered good in educational circles to make studies, especially of controversial topics, "value-free". Whereas, Kant's Categorical Imperative says that to behave ethically, you must act so as to be happy for your actions to be examples of general laws. Similarly, Utilitarianism represents all ethical theories where the goal is maximization of some measure of goodness.

Commercial law-Sale of goods Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Commercial law-Sale of goods - Case Study Example But the accepted offer by post instead of the agreed wagon driver. The wagon driver arrived before the letter of acceptance reached E. It was held that there was no contract. In Malik vs. Constance however, there was no particular mode agreed upon of accepting the offer and therefore, Malik had the liberty of to use any. The question however is, if by leaving his acceptance on Constance's' telephone answering machine there was a valid acceptance. 1 (b) For acceptance to be effective, it must be communicated to the offeror. However, there are exceptions when an acceptance would be effective through no communication has taken place. Some of these exceptions include when acceptance is by post. It contrasts with the general rule that a contract is complete only when acceptance is actually communicated to the offeror. However, communication by telephone is not captured in this exception to the rule of communication. The law says that where there is such a communication between the parties i.e. where the means of communication is telephone, telex etc, and the contract is only complete when acceptance is received by the offeror. This was held in the case of Entores Ltd Vs. Mles Far East Corporation. In this case, the plaintiffs in London made an offer by telex to the defendants through their agent in Holland. Acceptance of the offer was communicated and received by their plaintiff on their telex machine in London. The court had to determine whether the contract was made in London or in Holland. It was held that since communication by telex was instantaneous, the contract was concluded in London where the acceptance was received by the offeror. 2 In the case of Malik vs. Constance, Malik cannot claim that he had accepted Constance's offer to buy the suit unless contrast admits that he opened and listened to his phones answering machine the message Malik had left. Malik's action against Constance to recover the damage caused by vandals will not succeed because the damage would not be foreseeable by Constance by the time the contract was being made. On of the rules of consideration is that it must be real. The fact is that the suit had not been delivered to Constance and it would be illegal for Malik to recover money from him for nothing sold. Consequently, Constance cannot successfully sue Malik for breach of contract. Under the law of contract two parties are under an obligation to fulfil their requirements under the contract and also to be bound by its terms and regulations. In this case, the only term condition that was to be maintained in the contract was that of further modifications to the suit long of furniture. And Malik made the modifications as agreed. In fact Constance, knowing very well that he was away on business could've taken reasonable steps to check for any information in this telephone. Malik could not have foreseen the theft that occurred in this premises. Therefore Constance action will also fail. 3 Malik Vs Bedenhams Under the sale of goods act, there is an implied condition that the goods must correspond with the description. This was held in the case of Varley vs. Whip. In this case, the

Presentation Architecture in Renaissance and Baroque Essay Example for Free

Presentation Architecture in Renaissance and Baroque Essay All aspects of Renaissance culture, from art and architecture to philosophy, were influenced and inspired by Ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. Generally, architecture in the Renaissance can be described as symmetrical, harmonious and sober. Many buildings that were built in the Renaissance are perfect symmetrical, if you would draw a line through the middle of the building, it would have two exact same halves. Because it is so symmetrical, it looks very harmonious and static. However, it often also looks authorative probably because of the use of pediments and columns which make it look like Grecian temples. Renaissance buildings are rarely very high or vertical in contrast to buildings in Gothic architecture. Furthermore, architecture in the Renaissance was very much about the details. On many buildings, you can see lintels, which are the things above the window and you can also often see small sculptures of men, women, gods or other important people. The most important characteristic of the Renaissance is that shapes from the Greek and Roman times were reused in new designs. Typical characteristics that returned in many designs are: columns, which are vertical pillars, pilasters, which is almost the same as a column except that a pilaster is connected to the wall sticking out and it is used as a decoration, vaults, which are arched roofs that support the weight of a roof, domes, which is a hollow sphere above a building and arches, which are structures that span a space while supporting weight, such as a doorway or window in a wall. This is one example of a villa built in Renaissance style. The architect was Palladio, who designed the building in 1567. Palladio was asked to build a villa for Paolo Almerica, a high functionary of the Pope. Villa Almerica is better known as La Rotonda. It was used as a location for parties as well as a place to live in. It is made up of a cube centre part, where the owners of the villa lived, with on the 4 sides of the building the same set of columns and entablature built to it. In this picture, you can see that this building has a dome, pilasters, lintels and columns with Ionic capitals, which you can see here. A capital is the top of a column. It also has an entablature with a cornice and the architrave. The two middle columns are placed a bit  to the sides to emphasize the door. This part looks a bit like a Grecian temple and that makes it look authorative. Another example of a building made in the Renaissance is The Tempietto del San Pietro. It is a cylinder-shaped little church in Rome. The word â€Å"tempietto† means â€Å"small Temple† as it is one. The Tempietto is built at the court of the San pietro in Montorio church. It was built by Donato Bramante in 1502. The Spanish king Ferdinand ordered Bramante to build a church to remember the crucifixion of Petrus, one of the first apostles and the first pope. The little temple would be built on the spot where Petrus was crucified. This is why the building is especially important in Rome. As you can see it looks very Greek again because of the columns with doric capitals. It also has a dome but it especially looks Greek because of the symmetry of the temple. The building expresses the balanced proportions of Renaissance architecture. The columns, the frieze and the decorative features all show the classical influence. At the end of the 17th century, Baroque rose up and started to replace the Renaissance. This change was due to religious reasons. In the 1500s the Roman Catholic Church was under much pressure to reform. In this period, Protestantism was rising, especially in northern Europe. Protestantism was highly critical of the Roman Catholic Church and its abuses of its powerful position. Baroque can be seen as a cultural public relations movement started by the Roman Catholic Church to win back the support of the people. Protestantism is characterized by sober architecture. The roman-Catholics decided to go the opposite direction and promote architecture which was over the top, dramatic and extraordinary, to try and get the public back to re-interest in the Roman Catholic Church again. Baroque is an architectural style, which evolved in the 16th century in Italy. During the 17th century, the style spread through Europe and Latin America. Baroque architecture is the opposite of Renaissance architecture. Renaissance architecture was very calm and balanced, symmetrical and harmonious while the baroque architecture was very extravagant and asymmetrical. Baroque style is all about drama, energy and rhythm. The  grandiose buildings, sculptures and paintings were meant to inspire religious awe and excitement in the people. The Baroque architecture draws your attention. Baroque style is typical for breaking the limits for classic buildings and going in an extreme form. Most baroque buildings have bent asymmetrical shapes. Baroque architecture buildings are supposed to amaze people. It is supposed to look fantastic and over the top. Some people might think it is kitsch. This is a picture of a kaisersal residence, which was used from 1719 to 1944. Johann Balthazar Neumann was the architect who designed this baroque style house for the Prince Bishops of Wuerzburg. In this room, the Bishop received important people. The over the top theme of baroque is shown in this room by the amount of decoration. It is really overwhelming because of all the gold and the decorations. You can see that this room was designed to receive important people as it would impress them. You can’t recognize any Renaissance architecture features in this room anymore. You can’t see any Ancient Greek or Roman architectural features. This is another example of Baroque architecture. It is the Berlin Cathedral or Berliner Dom in Berlin, Germany. It is also called the Lutheran Cathedral. The people who went to Berlin might recognize it. Again, you can see that it is very extravagant and over the top. It has many details and decorative features such as all the sculptures. This building has some Renaissance features though such as the pilasters and the pediments and off course the domes. The baroque spread through Europe but didn’t really spread in this form to northern Europe because Protestantism was too strong there. In Holland, which was also very protestant, the Baroque style developed in its own way. It had such a distinctive style that it got a different name: Dutch Classicism or Hollands Classicisme. It glorified the Dutch Republic of the 17th century, democracy and the new found wealth from colonialism.

Properties of Plants in the Forest

Properties of Plants in the Forest Spectral properties of plants in the forest: (1st ch) Interaction of radiation with plant leaves is extremely complex. General features of this interaction have been studied but many spectral features are yet unexplained. Gates et al., (1965) are considered pioneers, who have studied spectral characteristics of leaf reflection, transmission and absorption. Optical properties of plants have been further studied to understand the mechanisms involved by Gausman and Allen (1973), Wooley (1971) and Allen et al., (1970). It is the synthesis of the parameters like reflection of plant parts, reflection of plant canopies, nature and state of plant canopies and Structure and texture of plant canopies, which will be required to fully understand the remote sensing data collected from space borne and aerial platforms. They have been attempted for crop canopies through the development of models but not yet fully achieved. It will be initially required to discuss the electromagnetic spectrum and its interaction with vegetation canopies. Subsequent factors affecting the spectral reflectance of plant canopies with its possible applications in remote sensing technology would be discussed. The vegetation reflectance is influenced by the reflectance characteristics of individual plant organs, canopy organization and type, growth stage of plants, structure and texture of the canopies. The synthesis of the above four aspects provides true reflectance characteristic. However, various authors without fully achieving models to determine vegetation reflectance characteristics have studied effect of individual parameters. Nature of the Plant: Numerous measurements have been performed to evaluate the spectral response of various categories of plants with a spectrophotometer (Fig. ***). For a plant in its normal state i.e., typical and healthy the spectral reflectance is specific of the group, the species and even of the variety at a given stage in its phenological evolution. The general aspects of spectral reflectance of healthy plant in the range from 0.4 to 2.6 Â µm is shown in figure ****. The very abrupt increase in reflectance near 0.7 Â µm and the fairly abrupt decrease near 1.5 Â µm are present for all mature, healthy green leaves. Very high; further in the far infrared >3.0 Â µm. Thus, the typical spectral curve of plant is divided into three prominent zones correlated with morphological characteristics of the leaves (Gates, 1971). Pigment Absorption Zone: The important pigments, viz. chlorophyll, xanthophylls and carotenoids absorb energy strongly in ultraviolet blue and red regions of the EMR. The reflectance and transmittance are weak. The absorbed energy of this part of this spectrum is utilized for the photosynthetic activity (Allen et al. 1970). Multidioptric Reflectance Zone: In this zone, the reflectance is high, while the absorbptance remains weak. All the unabsorbed energy (30 to 70% according to the type of plant) is transmitted. They reflectance is essentially due to the internal structure of the leaf and the radiation is able to penetrate. The reflectance from internal structure is of physical more than chemical nature. Apart front the contribution of the waxy cuticle, the magnitude of the reflectance depends primarily upon the amount of spongy mesophyll. Hydric Zone: Amount of water inside the leaf affect the pattern of spectral reflectance with water specific absorption bands at 1.45 Â µm, 1.95 Â µm and 2.6 Â µm. Liquid water in a leaf causes strong absorption throughout middle infrared region. Beyond 2.5 Â µm the reflectance becomes less than 5% due to atmospheric absorption and beyond 3 Â µm the vegetation starts acting as quasi blackbody (Gates et al., 1965). There are numerous factors either internal of the plant or external coming from the environmental conditions have an influence on the specific spectral reflectance. The above descriptions are true only for a normal, mature and healthy vegetation. The factors which affect the spectral reflectance of leaves are leaf structure, maturity, pigmentation, sun exposition, phyllotaxis, pubescene, turgidity (water content) nutritional status and, disease etc. Important factors are pigmentation, nutritional status, anatomy of leaves and water content. While, sun exposition and phyllotaxy affects the canopy reflectance, phenological state and disease are linked to the primary factors affecting the spectral reflectance (Wooley, 1971). Spectral vegetation indices: Radiant energy intercepted by a vegetative canopy is primarily scattered by leaves either away from the leaf surface or to the leaf interior. The scattered radiation is reflected, transmitted or absorbed by leaves. The partitioning of radiation a reflected, transmitted or absorbed energy depends on a number of factor including leaf cellular structures (Gates et al. 1965; Kfipling, 1970; Woolley, 1971), leaf pubescence and roughness (Gausman, 1977), leaf morphology and physiology (Gausman et al., 1969 a, b; Gausman and Allen, 1973; Gausman et al., 1971) and leaf surface characteristics (Breece and Hommes, 1971; Grant, 1985). Leaves are not perfectly diffuse reflectors but have diffuse and specular characteristics. Leaf transmittance tends to have a non Lambertian distribution, while leaf reflectance is dependent on illumination and view angles. Knowledge of soils radiation interaction with individual leaves is necessary for several reasons like special to interpret and process remotely sensed data. Typical reflectance and transmittance spectrum of a individual plant leaf indicate three distinct wavelength regions in interaction: visible (0.4-0.7 Â µm), near infrared (NIR) (0.7-1.35 Â µm) and mid infrared (mid IR) (1.35-2.7 Â µm). Thus the typical spectral curve of plant is divided into three prominent zones correlated with morphological/anatomical/physiological characteristics of the leaves and these are Pigment Absorption Zone, Multi-Dioptric Reflectance Zone and Hydric Zone, etc. The analysis of all remotely sensed data involves models of many processes wherein the EM radiation is transformed (the scene, atmosphere and sensor) and whereby inference is made about the scene from the image data. The most common strategy for relating remote sensing data to vegetation canopies has been via the correlation of vegetation indices with vegetation structure and functional variables. This simple empirical approach has yielded substantial understanding of the structure and dynamics of vegetation at all scales. These indices are capable of handling variation introduced in a scene due to atmosphere or sensor and vegetation background influence in low vegetation cover areas. The capacity to assess and monitor the structure of terrestrial vegetation using spectral properties recorded by remote sensing is important because structure can be related to functioning, that is to ecosystem processes that are ultimately aggregated up to the functioning of the local-regional-global level of ecosystem. The categorization of the various spectral indices in to approximately five types. Such as Ratio Indices, Vegetation Indices, Orthogonal based Indices, Perpendicular Vegetation Indices and Tasseled Cap Transformation, etc. Remote sensing of cropland, forest and grassland involves the measurement of reflected energy of component in the presence of each other. The development and usefulness of vegetation indices are dependent upon the degree to which the spectral contribution of non-vegetation component can be isolated from the measured canopy response. Although vegetation indices have been widely recognized a valuable tools in the measurement and interpretation of ‘vegetation condition’ several limitation have also been identified. They are related to soil brightness effect and secondary soil spectral deviations. The use of site specific soil lines reduces soil background influence. In this context SAVI, GRABS and PVI holds greater promise in low vegetated areas. The vegetation indices are simplified method to extract information about vegetation parameter from multispectral data however, their use in spectral modeling needs to be studied in context of spectral dynamics of earth surface components. Resume Forest cover is an important natural resource for the environment and socio-eco on the surface of the earth. It can bridge the gap between nature and human beings conflicts. Changes in the forest land increase the imbalance in the ecosystem, climatic conditions, temperature, land degradation, drought prone zones, soil erosion, depending manmade activities, etc. The living tribes in the mountain hill as well as foot hill area utilized forest material for their domestic usages. Therefore, the objectives of detection and delineation of the forest land by using ordinary classification methods have been outlined in the present study. The methodology has been outlined in this chapter. The Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-7 ETM+ dataset has been suggested as a source of information to achieve the objectives of the study. The basic knowledge regarding spectral properties of the forest and physiographic elements as well as spectral vegetation indices area has been proposed for the second chapter to m ake information base study for image analysis, classification and interpretation in the next chapters.

Regulation of Air Transport Economic Rationale and Impact

Regulation of Air Transport Economic Rationale and Impact David Grant To understand what was in the minds of those who conceived and developed economic regulations for air transport, a good place to start is the Second World War. Chicago The aviation industry was experiencing its second period of very rapid technological development, the first such period having occurred during World War I. In 1944, it was clear that aviation would play a much bigger role during peacetime after the war, than it had done before the war. The tide of the war had turned and there was a sense that it would soon be over (The History Place, 2014). The minds of world leaders began to focus on post-war matters. The world had been through two wars in close succession and there was a determination that this cycle should not be repeated. In his ‘State of the Union’ message to congress, on 11 January 1944, President Roosevelt said â€Å"We are united in determination that this war shall not be followed by another interim which leads to new disaster- that we shall not repeat the tragic errors of ostrich isolationism† (Peters G and Woolley J, 2014). In November of that year, the United States took a very practical step to address isolationism. It convened a meeting at Chicago to discuss post-war aviation. Delegates from 52 nations attended and discussed the challenges facing international civil aviation. The conference lasted longer than expected but, in the end, it achieved two things: an international agreement, referred to as the Chicago Convention; and, a new organisation, the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) to oversee international civil aviation (ICAO, 2014). The sentiment expressed earlier in the year by President Roosevelt was encapsulated in the preamble to the Chicago Convention: â€Å". . . whereas it is desirable to avoid friction and to promote that cooperation between nations and peoples upon which the peace of the world depends; therefore, the undersigned governments having agreed on certain principles and arrangements in order that international civil aviation may be developed in a safe and orderly manner . . . and operated soundly and economically; have accordingly concluded this convention . . . † (ICAO, 2014). In respect of an economic rationale for the work that had been done, Adolf Berle, a close advisor to President Roosevelt wrote after the conference: â€Å"a substantial beginning has been made towards opening the air to commerce. It is not too much to say that we entered the Conference in the law and atmosphere of the 17th century; and we came out with a fair prospect of obtaining 20th century conditions. Faithfully yours, ADoux A. BERLE, JR.â€Å" (United States Department of State, 2014) Scope of Regulation The scope of what was agreed at the meeting was broad. It included, for example, the concept of the nationality of an aircraft. It agreed a global system of aircraft registration (that has obtained ever since) under which each nation was assigned a prefix (for example, the letters ‘EI’ and ‘EJ’ were assigned to Ireland) and that aircraft would be assigned a unique registration (for example, EI-AAA, EI-AAB, etc.) by their home nation and that the registration would be displayed prominently on every aircraft. The Chicago Convention was an agreement between nations. Outside of its scope was the question of which airlines flew where and what fares they charged. Domestically, in the US, that function was performed by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) under 1938 legislation. Internationally, it was to be managed by means of bilateral agreements. A standard form of bilateral agreement was prepared by the Chicago meeting (ICAO, 2014). In 1945 the International Air Transport Association (IATA) was founded and took on the role setting fares. The first IATA fare-setting conference was held in 1947. Aviation grew rapidly over the following decades and IATA’s work expanded. By the 1970s, the IATA conference had become a mammoth undertaking and was approving and publishing 200,000 passenger fares and 100,000 cargo fares (Tiernan, 2013). Small Government A majority of Americans (54%) believe that government interferes too much in society and in business (Gallup, 2013). Small government is a philosophy the main tenet of which is that government should get involved in as little as possible and should stay out of the way of business. In the United States, President Ronald Reagan was one if its main advocates (Boaz, 2004). The economic regulations contained in the Civil Aeronautics Act (1938) and the Chicago Convention (1944) lasted until 1978 when some of them were repealed by the Airline Deregulation Act. Although airline deregulation is clearly an initiative that was specific to the airline industry, it is useful to see it in the context of small government. The 1978 changes were consistent with a move towards small government. It was President Jimmy Carter who signed the act into law, towards the end of his presidency in October 1978, but it was Ronald Reagan who oversaw most of the resulting changes and is associated with deregulation in the public mind (Goetz and Dempsey, 1989). Scope of Deregulation The impression is abroad that airline deregulation, which commenced in 1978 and was further developed in 1992 and 2001, has eliminated economic regulation from the airline industry. This is untrue. Significant economic regulation remains, including: restrictions on foreign ownership of airlines, or cross-border consolidation of airlines; restrictions on foreign airlines providing domestic services; and, the tax-free status of aviation fuel. Airline Ownership Ownership of an airline in the US is regulated. No more than 25% of an airline may be owned by non-US citizen(s). In Europe, a similar provision exists but the upper limit on foreign ownership is 49% The economic rationale behind these rules has been presented variously as a wish to protect a fledgling industry or (in the US) military reliance on civilian airliners to provide supplemental capacity in time of war (GAO, 2013). However, one cannot but suspect that it is in fact protectionism of an industry that has in the past been regarded as a sort of national asset, a flag-carrier. The practical effect of these restrictions is to prevent cross-border airline mergers, acquisitions and investments. Cabotage The Chicago Convention specifically outlawed cabotage, i.e., the carriage of passengers (or freight) within the territory of another state. Since then, other developments have reduced the impact of this restriction, most notably European Union treaties which have created a single-market in EU member states so that cabotage restrictions no longer apply there and any EU-based carrier may operate services within the borders of any ether EU-state. This is not the case outside of the EU. Aer Lingus may not carry passenger between New York and San Francisco. Similarly, American Airlines may not carry passengers between points within the European Union. Fuel Tax Article 24 of the Chicago Convention stated that aviation fuel would be exempt from taxes. That article remains in force today. There is general agreement that the world’s climate is changing; and, that the cause is manmade. The proposed solution is ‘sustainable development’. The concept of sustainability is central to the subject of climate change. Sustainable development is defined as â€Å"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs† (World Commission on Environment and Development 1987). Emissions from aircraft engines are one of the causes of climate change. The most significant emission (from the perspective of climate change) is CO2 and it is estimated that the CO2 emissions from aviation represent about 2 percent of total CO2 emissions. This seems small, relative to the overall problem. However, two points are noteworthy: aviation is growing at a faster rate than other sectors and so it is estimated that this number could increase to as much as 10%; and, aviation deposits its CO2 directly into the upper atmosphere and so the impact on climate change may be greater than the numbers suggest. Understandably, pressure is building on the industry to reduce CO2 emissions. In particular, there are calls for the removal of Article 24 of the Chicago Convention in order to end the use of tax-free fuel which the industry has enjoyed for almost seventy years. A Note About Safety Between 1944 and today, the aviation industry has achieved significant improvement in its safety record. Passenger fatalities have dropped while the industry has been growing. Figure 1 graphs an index of fatalities relative to passenger number during sixty years between the year 1950 and 2010. Figure 1: index (passengers v fatalities) for 1950 to 1978 and for 1978 to 2010 The blue line indicates progress between 1950 and 1978, which was spectacular. Before deregulation, engineers and pilots had much more influence at airlines than they have today (McManners, 2012). The regulated environment that existed for 35 years (1944 and 1978) was one in which costs and profits were less important than they are today. In that environment, technical departments encountered less resistance when proposing safety-related initiatives than they might today. The red line indicates progress between 1978 and 2010 which has been less marked. This is not to suggest any causal relationship between deregulation and safety. It seems much more likely that the cause of the decline is the law of diminishing returns. One can only speculate about what the rate of progress might have been, had intense competition been introduced sooner. Summary of Impacts The significant impacts of economic regulation have been: The Chicago Convention, bilateral agreements and pre-agreed fares provided a framework for the safe development and growth of an international airline industry which might not have been possible in a free-for-all situation. Restrictions on airline ownership and on cabotage provided nations and airlines with a sense of control over airlines and domestic networks. This was a reasonable price to pay as it allowed nations and airlines to take risks and to develop the confidence to expand internatiomnally while secure in the knowledge that their airline(s) and home market were protected. The provision of tax-free fuel provided an environment in which the new international airline industry could grow more rapidly. This allowed aviation to grow market share and to catch up with other modes of transport. Now, given the need to make aviation sustainable, it may be time to change tax-free fuel. Conclusion Economic regulation has been good for the airline industry. It has served to protect it during a time when it needed to be nurtured and developed. If we look at airline economic regulation through the lens of small-government, deregulation, and market-is-king thinking of today, we are liable to miss the point. Better to look at it through the lens of a world still at war and the lenses of a group of 185 delegates from 52 nations; strangers who came together in a hotel in Chicago for five weeks and who between them had the belief, foresight and imagination to envisage something that didn’t yet exist. It does now. References Boaz D., 2004, Remembering Ronald Reagan, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/remembering-ronald-reagan Franklin D. Roosevelt: State of the Union Message to Congress, January 11, 1944. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16518. [accessed, 21 May 2014] Gallup, 2013, http://www.gallup.com/poll/157481/majority-say-government-doing.aspx Goetz and Dempsey, 1989, Airline Deregulation Ten Years after: Something Foul in the Air, Journal of Air Law and Commerce, Vol. 54, No. 4, Summer 1989, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2229476 International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), 2014, http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/1944_the_chicago_convention.htm [accessed 21 May 2014]; and, http://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/7300_orig.pdf 9accessed 22 May 2014] McManners, Peter (2012) Fly and be Damned: What Now for Aviation and Climate Change? London: Zed Books. The History Place, http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/genocide/holocaust.htm [accessed, 22 May 2014] Tiernan S, 2013, University of Limerick, MBA (Aviation Management) class notes. United States Department of State / Foreign relations of the United States diplomatic papers, 1944. General: economic and social matters (1944) Preliminary and exploratory discussions regarding international civil aviation; conference held at Chicago, November 1-December 7, 1944, pp. 355-613, http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=turnid=FRUS.FRUS1944v02entity=FRUS.FRUS1944v02.p0622isize=text [accessed, 22 May 2014] US Government Accountability Office (GAO), INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS: Issues Relating to Foreign Investment and Control of U.S. Airlines GAO-04-34R: Published: Oct 30, 2003. Publicly Released: Dec 1, 2003. http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-04-34R World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) (1987) Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future, USA: WCED (http://www.un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf) 1. What is the economic rationale for the regulation of air transport markets? What impacts have regulations had? Question: Do you mean what was the economic rationale etc. in so far as most economic regulation is now gone, so this would be an essay about pre-deregulation times? Answer: The essay is looking for a more general perspective on the arguments put forward for government intervention in transport markets – so you can cover past and present experiences and economic rationales – many of the historical arguments may no longer be valid, but it is worth rehearsing that they may have been appropriate given the stage of development of say, the airline industry in the 1930s/40s. You have considerable flexibility in what you cover in your essay. 2. Outline the role and impact of network structure on airline behaviour and performance. Role? Impact? Network Structure? Airline behaviour? P2P = no bag transfer; no responsibility for lateness Airline performance? therefore fewer bags lost and therefore better performance; therefore no obligation to late passengers The role of landing fees in influencing network type Paradox re full-service versus point-to-point; Eight flights make 45 markets Global hubs: the gulf and now Turkey? 3. How and why might you undertake a cost analysis of an airline? What difficulties might arise in undertaking such an analysis? Question: Is it the case that I am invited in by the airline to do the analysis and therefore will have access to all financial data; or, is it that I am doing the analysis from outside the airline with access to only published data? Answer: I am not imposing any particular perspective for the 2nd question – you might outline why cost analysis is useful for a firm as well as for regulators or industry analysts. You can discuss the data requirements for undertaking such analyses and the likelihood of these data being available. Again, you have considerable scope to shape the essay any way that you wish. How? Why costs analysis is useful for a firm For a regulator For an industry analyst The data requirements and the likelihood of it being available Standard way of comparing? Legacy costs at the legacy carriers The difficulties? 4. Are airline markets inherently unprofitable? Please explain your answer. No! it just seems that way! Is it infrastructure if is it business? Chicago Conference Sum of profits to date = losses; compare that with other industry(s) Yield management systems better; sell cheap seats first? Supermarket does the opposite (perishable product?!) United Airlines +/-1 pax model Cyclical? Demand is derived; Is there another industry that is the same? Car rental? hotels? The next step after flag carriers; the airline owner! Nike Lauda; Richard Branson; executive jet (Gates v Trump); Howard Hughes In the context of a sector where the other four elements (manufacturers; financiers; airports and MRO etc.) do make money? Parallel? NB, take a holistic view it is profitable Page 1 of 11

The Cultural Front Essay examples -- essays research papers

The Cultural Front   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the USA, it seems as though there is always a revolution going on. The world is changing everyday. Everyday there is something new going on. Everyday there are people fighting for what they believe in, from social movements to political movements. Everyday people are working hard for their future. People are just trying to make it in the real world. In the the 1930’s, there was so much going on, from WWI to the depression. The world was in a slump, and people were doing everything they could to make it. The cultural front involves history on the ordinary person, politics, and literature. I wish to compare some of the problems of today, with the problems of the past, discussing politics, culture, hegemony, and the working class.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  USA is the richest country and has the most poor people in numbers. Our money isn’t spent on education, health, or housing projects for poor people. Recently most of our money has been going to Iraq or weapons for soldiers so they can keep the peace. Our money doesn’t go to the ordinary person. Rich people keep getting rich, and the poor keep getting poor! I don’t feel our money is put into any investments. How come our gas prices are so high? Wouldn’t it make sense to invest in oil, so the average person can have some spare change to spend on something other than gas to get from point A to B? Our system is unjust and the only way to fix it is to fight for it, and hope that someone in power hears you. When people in power say something, people automatically believe them, even if there is no basis to their knowledge. President Bush had repeatedly said that John Kerry had changed his positions about our war many times. Kerry said it wasnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t true, but people believed Bush anyways, because he is a man of power, which is a form of communism. There are ways to change our system fundamentally instead of going to war with other countries. Most of our money right now goes to our National Defense and Social Security. It’s nice the money will be there later for us when we retire, but what about those of us who need social security benefits now? There have and always will be problems with the system, and no matter what you do, you can never make everyone happy! In the 1930’s the big political movement was the power of the CIO, The congress of Industrial Organization. They came to power at the beginning of ... ...side had Ghetto pastorals, which were books about people growing up in the ghettos, Harlem, Chinatowns, Little Italy, etc. Ghettos are usually classified as projects for African Americans. They are run down housing projects, where the poorest of the poor live. People there usually are on welfare, and have many kids. People enjoyed reading these stories, because they were stories of everyday people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This Cultural front was a revolution in the United States. The Cultural front is part of our history and it is very important to read all perspectives of history. The Cultural front reshaped history through the everyday people, the writing, play wrights, politics, and social movements. The cultural front shows the perspectives of the poor; it isn’t things you will find in a history book. When you read history books you find falsification. White men wrote history, they designed it the way they wanted people to remember it, making past presidents heroes, justifying Christopher Columbus taking land that was not his, justifying slavery, and writing only about people in power. The book the Cultural front shows a perspective from the every day average American just trying to survive.

Proper use of Pesticides :: Chemistry Chemical Pesticide Essays

Proper use of Pesticides Storage of chemicals Store pesticides in a locked and posted facility where children or other untrained people cannot get to them. Read the labels on pesticide containers for correct storage procedures. Select a storage site high enough that damage from flooding will be unlikely and downwind and downhill from sensitive areas such as houses, play areas and ponds. Pesticide storage facilities should also be located away from homes and livestock facilities to avoid or minimize contamination in case of fire.Pesticide and expended pesticide containers are best stored in a separate building, room, or enclosure, depending on the size of the pesticide inventory. The storage area should be on the first floor to minimize contamination from a possible leaky container, and the storage area must keep the pesticides dry, cool and out of direct sunlight. The latter requirements are necessary because some pesticides are rendered useless if they become too hot or damp, if they freeze, or if they are exposed to ultrav iolet radiation from the sun.Sacks, cartons and fiberboard boxes containing pesticides should be stored on wooden pallets or on shelves off the floor. Securely lock all possible entrances to the storage area. Hang or mount weatherproof signs stating "Danger — Pesticides, Keep Out!!" or similar warnings over every entrance to the facility. An exhaust fan for ventilation should be used in storage rooms to reduce the temperature and high concentration of toxic fumes.An adequate supply of water and detergent or soap is essential in the storage area. We recommend routine use of these cleaning agents by people who work with pesticides or pesticide-related materials or equipment. Also, water is a quick first aid in a poisoning emergency. Materials such as activated charcoal, vermiculite, absorbent clay, pet litter, ground corncobs or sawdust need to be readily available at the storage site to soak up spills and leaks. Hydrated lime and sodium hypochlorite (chlorinated household blea ch) can be used to neutralize pesticides in an emergency. A shovel, dust pan, broom, and proper type of fire extinguisher are other essential items.Do not store pesticides near food for human consumption, animal feed, fertilizer, seed, veterinary supplies, or other stored products. To prevent contamination or to avoid accidentally using the wrong pesticide, store different pesticides in separate locations within the storage area.Store pesticides only in the original container, with the label plainly visible. Never store pesticides in anything used as a food or drink container, even for a short time.

The land of Palestine

The land of Palestine is considered holy for the Muslims and the Jews, the Jews consider it as the promised homeland from god. The conflict between the Israelis and the Palestinians dates back to the time of the Ottoman Empire in the 1880s. At that time, the Muslim Arabs predominantly inhabited the land of Palestine where as the Arab Christians and the Jews were present in smaller groups. It was the idea of the Promised Land, which inspired the Jews to come and settle in the land of Palestine.It was in Europe where the early Zionist movement started which promoted the idea of Jews having a â€Å"state of their own† which should be in the Land of Israel (Palestine). In 1897 the World Zionist Organization was founded by Herlz â€Å"declared that the aim of Zionism was to establish ‘a national home for the Jewish people secured by public law'†¦ this idea began more pronounced among Jews and got immense support from the West because of the riots against Jews which prov ed murderous for the Jews .The mass killings of the Jews by the Nazis during World War II in which about six millions Jews were cruelly murdered under the rule of Hitler calling it the Final Solution of the Jewish Question. These killing by the Nazis intensified the international support for the creation of a homeland for the Jews. The Zionist movement overlooked a major factor before promoting the idea of a state in Palestine, which was that another people, the Muslim Arabs, already occupied it.More interestingly, the West and Europe also ignored this crucial problem this was due to the fact that idea of a Jewish state attracted the British for religious as well as practical purposes. It was 1917 in which the British army took control of Palestine from the Ottoman Empire and in the same year Balfour, declaration was passed which was seen as a promise made by Britain to the Jews for further increasing its efforts for a Jewish national home in Palestine. A point that is to be noted h ere is that after the second world war Jews made a 33% of the total population in Palestine where as in 1922 they were a mere 11%.They saw the increasing number of Jews in their homeland as a conspiracy against them and their homeland the Jews were looked upon as outsiders. They also became greatly influenced by the European anti-Semitism and adopted many ideas and claims of Holocaust deniers as well as the anti-Zionist ideology of radical Jewish intellectuals. The newly created UN suggested dividing the country into two one for the Arabs and the other part for the Jews, and Jerusalem was to be assigned as a corpus separatum meaning an international city.The Jewish community accepted the plan as they had nothing to lose, in fact they were at last achieving what they have always wanted, and the Palestinians on the other hand saw it as a division of their homeland. Shortly after this suggested UN plan, a war between the Palestinians and the Jews started in the beginning of the Decembe r of 1947. The condition worsened in January when the Arab Liberation Army and help from Egypt came in, in the form of Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni who intervened with several hundred of his men of the Jaysh al-Jihad al-Muqaddas.The Jewish authorities were funded by sympathizers in US and greatly assisted by Stalin. This war also marks the massacre of the Arabs by the Jewish army and the expulsion of about 250000 Palestinians to leave their country and take refuge in the neighboring countries. More successful Jewish offensives created a united front around Jerusalem. The Jews declared the state of Israel on 14 May 1948 exactly a day before the British Mandate of Palestine was to be expired, furthermore its immediate acceptance by the Soviet Union, the United States, and other Western countries, enraged the Arab States greatly.`Therefore over the next few days the newly created state was attacked by the combine forces of Lebanon, Syria, Iraq and Egypt, the state which has taken the right of the Arab homeland and in way this proves to be right too because it was the Jews who were the immigrants. This action was declared as an illegal aggression by the US and the Soviet Union whereas China backed the Arab cause. Volunteers from both the United States and Canada supported the Israeli army. The outcome of the war was a disaster for the Arab States and the Israeli forces not only managed to protect their territory but also expanded their holdings.In 1949 Israel signed peace treaties with the Arab states and the new borders now was 50% more than what the UN partition plan proposed. Egypt controlled the hold of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank was under the control of Tran Jordan. War resulted in the displacement of around 711,000 Palestinians from their homes, a proposed figure by the UN. Although a UN resolution was passed which allowed the refugees to return home but somehow the resolution was completely ignored which created the major Palestinian Refugee Crisis and the West too failed too respond.At last the dream of Zionism was achieved even though it marked a historic change in the state of the Jews i. e. the former â€Å"oppressed were now the oppressors† and as in the future the further killing and massacre of the Palestinians, including women and children will confirm the authenticity of the statement. Literature Review: Avi Shalaim wrote in his book, The politics of partition, 1921-1951: King Abdullah, the Zionists, and Palestine, â€Å"The clash between Arabs and Jews in Palestine is one of the deepest, gravest, and most protracted international conflicts of modern times.It is difficult to imagine more bitter enmity than that between the Arabs and Jews during the decades leading up to and following the emergence of the State of Israel. Indeed, the Arab-Israeli conflict has sometimes been described as a ‘pure' conflict, that is to say one in which the interests of the two prot- agonists are completely and irreconcilably oppose d. † For years now countless tragedies have been encountered on both sides, the majority of which the Palestinians have encountered which includes the ruthless killing of even children by the Israeli forces and the demolition of the Palestinian houses.The Palestinians on the other hand reply to this kind of Israeli atrocities by any available means this may include rocket attacks on Jewish settlements or suicide bombings. Palestinians are constantly trying to get this territory back by any means possible, and then come the issue of the Palestinian refugees who despite having their own homeland are being forced to live in neighboring countries because Israel refuses to acknowledge them. The international community and the UN have criticized Israel countless times on target killings and human rights violation but Israel seems adamant.The only way through this conflict as the international community or the West saw was to provide the Palestinian with a homeland and to persuade Is rael to leave the Arab territories. There had been treaties and accords for this purpose over the past many years, the first prominent among them were Camp David Accords which was initiated by the President of US Jimmy Carter. The accord was agreed between the President of Egypt and the prime minister of Israel Menachem Begin. Two agreements were signed between Egypt and Israel the framework consisted of three parts.The first part outlined to establish a self governing authority in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip and to implement the UN resolution 242, which called for â€Å"the establishment of a just and lasting peace in the Middle East† to be achieved by â€Å"the application of both the following principles:†. â€Å"Withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from territories occupied in the recent conflict† and: â€Å"Termination of all claims or states of belligerency†. The second part of the agreement was concerned about the relations between Israel and Eg ypt.The third part defined to principles upon which Israel was supposed to improve its relations with neighboring Arab countries. Egyptian sovereignty was to be exercised on the internationally recognized border between Egypt and the mandated Palestine. The withdrawal of Israeli forces from Sinai and the use of airfields by Israel al-Arish, Rafah, Ras en-Naqb, and Sharm el-Sheikh for civilian purposes only. The right of free passage by ships of Israel through the Gulf of Suez and the Suez Canal based on the Constantinople Convention of 1888 applying to all nations.The Strait of Tiran and Gulf of Aqaba are international waterways to be open to all nations for unimpeded and non suspend able freedom of navigation and over flight. The construction of a highway between the Sinai and Jordan near Eilat with guaranteed free and peaceful passage by Egypt and Jordan; and the stationing of military forces were also agreed upon in the accord. The signing of this agreement triggered enough hatre d for Sadat in the Arab world that he was assassinated as he was seen as a traitor to the Palestinian cause.Israel greatly benefited from this accord as compared to Egypt because peace on the border meant that the Israeli forces could now lower their alert level. The peace agreement was also seen as an agreement between the Israelis and the President of Egypt only because his people or the rest of the Arab world, which his assassination confirmed, did not share his views. Perhaps the most notable step in the peace process was the Oslo process in 1993, in which a framework for the future relations between the Israelis and the Palestinians were worked out.A US president, Bill Clinton this time, PLO’s Chairman Yasser Arafat representing Palestine and Israel’s Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin representing the Israelis, again initiated this. This accord provided the creation of a Palestinian authority, which was to be responsible for the administration of territory assigned und er its control. This accord also called for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from some parts of Gaza and the West Bank. Both sides accepted territorial compromise as the basis for the settlement of their long and better conflict.The Oslo accord was a great breakthrough for Israel, a number of Arab states thought about establishing diplomatic relations with Israel after PLO’s recognition of Israel. The Arab League too debated upon lifting of economic sanctions from Israel, which have been in place since the creation of Israel. Every thing changed for Israel and its neighboring Arab countries after the Oslo accord. Still after the Oslo process, the expansions of settlements continued and hence further disturbing the already worsening economic conditions.There fore creating doubts, frustration, and thereby causing a drop in the support for the Oslo agreement. The agreement has five chapters, which consist of thirty-one articles, seven annexes, and nine attached maps. The most im portant part of this agreement was the recognition of Palestinian Interim Self- Government Authority. The agreement also provided a safe passage of transport and person between the Gaza strip and the West Bank, it refrained each sides from any kind of hostile propaganda against each other.Palestinian Police was given the authority to be established and operate in coalition with the Israeli forces. The agreement also outlined the plan for the transfer of power from Israel to the Palestinian authorities. The agreement divided the territory into three areas Area A which was supposed to be under the control of Palestinian authority, Area B comprised both of the Palestinian and the Israeli authorities, the Palestinian was to control civilian authority while Israel continued to be in charge of security, Area C was to be under exclusive control of Israel.This process saw a downfall with the assassination of Rabin and the Likud party coming into power, which came as a serious blow to the pe ace process. The Likud party destroyed homes of the Arabs, confiscated their lands, started building new Jewish settlements, and opened an archeologist tunnel near Muslim Holy places in Old Jerusalem. Avi Shlaim wrote in his book International Relations of the Middle East, â€Å"That the basic reason for the failure of Oslo to resolve the conflict is that Israel, under the leadership of the Likud, reneged on its side of the deal.By resorting to violence, the Palestinians contributed to the breakdown of trust without which no political progress is possible. But the more fundamental cause behind the loss of trust and the loss of momentum was the Israeli policy of expanding settlements on the West Bank which carried on under Labour as well as Likud. This policy precluded the emergence of a viable Palestinian state without which there can be no end to the conflict. † In May 1999, the Likud party was overthrown and the Labor party came into power by a landslide victory.Ehud Barak was elected as the prime minister but Barak lacked Rabin’s vision and his style was arrogant and authoritarian and he approached diplomacy as the extension of war by other means. Under Barak’s regime the expansion of Jewish settlement which was seen as a barrier to the peace process. There fore one more agreement with this new government was needed and quite necessary because a deadlock had been created between the Israelis and the Palestinians. On July5, 2000 Bill Clinton invited Arafat and Barak to negotiate the peace process.Barak appeared believing that America would help impose his agenda in the final settlement. Barak suggested an independent Palestinian state, which would consist of the whole Gaza Strip and most of the West Bank, he also agreed for the return of the refugees that would involve 500 people a year. He agreed on partitioning of the city of Jerusalem, but the Palestinian authority refused this point because they wanted exclusive sovereignty over all Arab suburbs and over Temple Mount.The Palestinian authority was divided on the proposal some saw it as a historical breakthrough others saw it as a compromise with their national right. Further more the delegation came under pressure from Egypt and Saudi Arabia not to compromise the holy places of the Muslims. Therefore, Arafat rejected most of the proposals, the summit ended in failure, and very easily, Barak and Clinton put the whole blame of the failure on the shoulders of Arafat. The Palestinians accused Bill Clinton of siding with Barak, therefore Arafat returned home once again empty handed.According to Ken Booth and Tim Dunne, in their book, Worlds in Collision: Terror and the Future of World Order â€Å"the policy of using US moral, material, and military support to give Israel the confidence to go forward in the peace process, has not achieved the desired results. The best proof is Bill Clinton. He was, in the words of one Israeli newspaper, the last Zionist. Yet, even he could not sweet talk Israel into a final settlement. If Clinton could not do it, nobody can. That leaves only one possible path to progress: an externally-imposed solution. † [1] The failure of the Summit at Camp David started an outbreak of violence began.The violence was further sparked by the visit of Israel’s opposition leader Ariel Sharon to the Temple Mount, the site of Al-Aqsa mosque in Jerusalem. There fore the second intifada, an Arabic word for uprising, started. The Palestinians saw the Israeli-American proposal at Camp David a complete surrender to Israel’s demand, they knew that they have been malevolently duped with not even a minimal solution to the issues which constitute the Palestine question. It is against this background and Sharon’s provocative visit to Al ‘Aqsa that the Second Intifada erupted.The uprising resulted in a new wave of brutal killings from the Israeli side to stop the rebellion which included the killing of a 12 ye ar old, the Palestinian responded by suicide bombings attack on Israeli civilians. An article in Australian for Palestine stated that â€Å"Since the Al ‘Aqsa Intifada, Israel defines the situation in the occupied Palestinian territories as â€Å"a situation of hostility† rather than a â€Å"belligerent occupation† and therefore it contends that the Hague Regulations which protect civilians under military occupation no longer apply.Furthermore, it contends that it is not responsible for compensating the Palestinians for any damage caused or any property taken. † This incident also increased the international involvement; according to a report, Israel annually receives $1. 2 billion in economic aid and $1. 8 billion in military aid from the United States, excluding loan guarantees, besides that many humanitarian groups also responded greatly after this incident. the incident also provided a significant shift in U.S policy. The Palestenian leader was now not welcomed in Washington by the new Bush adminstration, furthermore Bush called on to the Palestinians â€Å"to elect new leaders, leaders not compromised by terror†, hence clearly indicating the shift of policy towards the Palestinian leader. To maintained peace he also outlined detailed steps prominent among them were the Palestinian rejection of terrorism (suicide bombing) and an end to Israel’s settlement expansion.Haig Khatchadourian in his book, The Quest for Peace between Israel ad Palestinians, said, â€Å"Consequently, its brilliant military victories over the Arab states are bound to remain very incomplete victories so long as it clings to the land that Palestinians rightfully call their own. Only when the heavy chains binding occupier and occupied are broken, and Palestinians become their own masters, can real peace and stability in the region become more than a wistful hope. For then not just sulh but salaam should become the order of the day between the ma jority of West Bank and Gaza Palestinians, and Israel.† In April 2003, these detailed steps took the form of the â€Å"road map to peace. † The Palestinian elected a new leader, Mahmoud Abbas, which made both the US and Israel happy because they saw him more liberal and more importantly not as a â€Å"terrorist† as in case of Arafat. These new developments made the way for a major summit of Israeli, Palestinian, Jordanian leaders, and US but the summit proved a failure. The road map to peace aims in creating an independent Palestinian state living side by side with Israel.Israel on the other hand would accept the state and end its settlements; the Palestinian on the other hand would have to stop their attacks on Israel. The road map’s process consists of three-phase development; phase1 of the project requires the Palestinian to stop any kind of violence against Israel, which is seen as an act of terrorism by both Israel and the U. S. it urges the Palestini an to make political reforms and hold fair elections. Israel on the other hand would have to withdraw and freeze on settlement expansions.The phase2 consisted of a revival of the destroyed Palestinian economy by means of an International Conference, which will support the recovery of the Palestinian economy, which would ultimately lead to the establishment of a Palestinian homeland. This part of the plan will also concentrate upon issues like water resources, arms control, economic development etc. it would also urge the Arab states to revive links with Israel, which were before the intifada period. The third phase was the confirmation stage, a second calling of an international conference and the final status and agreement of the borders.This phase was the permanent end to the conflict. The issue of the city of Jerusalem and the refugee problem also falls in the third phase of this project. Both the sides i. e. the Palestinian and the Israel have concerns over this road map. The in ternational community has become very much involved for resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict based on this road map project. A group known as the Quartet formed which consisted of representatives from the Russia, the United Nation, and the European Union, which began shaping up the international policy necessary for a peace accord.Case Study: Many amendments and revisions has been taken place to the statement which was issued by the Quartet regarding the roadmap for peace on September 17, 2002, therefore the program’s outline is changing with time seeing the international events that has taken place. As stated earlier both the Palestinian and the Israeli authorities have reservations upon the project’s various versions, which they have reported, but still some experts say based on evidence that the Palestinians are opening up and beginning to comply with what the roadmap has to offer.On the other hand, the Israeli prime minister Ariel Sharon only made empty promi ses and there is no evidence whatsoever that Israel would go ahead with the plan. In the October of the same year, the American President Bush amended and issued his version of the roadmap, which was more detailed than the previous version and was based on the input, which he received from the Israeli and Palestinian authorities. The key reservations from the side of the Israeli government is the issue of terrorism i. e.how will the Palestinian authorities act if the terrorist activities continue and would the Palestinian government be able to handle the terrorism. The Israelis feel that this roadmap for peace may fail due to the same reasons which were responsible for the failure of the Oslo process i. e. many agreements were made but nothing were done to implement them effectively. The Palestinian authority on the other hand has accepted the plan but has not implemented the key requirement of the plan, which was to put an end to terrorist activities.Likewise, the Israeli governmen t later agreed with the plan but made fourteen reservations on the plan and like the Palestinian authority has not implemented the crucial step of the first phase, which was to freeze all the activities relating to the settlement activity and the removal of illegal check posts from the Palestinian territories. The effect that the Iraq war has on the roadmap for peace or the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in general is immense. Due to the failure of the Bush policies in Iraq and the loss of thousands of innocent lives has made President Bush’s policies regarding Iraq a target for much criticism.Furthermore, these policies have created a feeling of great hatred among the Muslims of the world against these policies and the West in general, because of which terrorist organizations like Al-Qaeda take advantage and recruit and brainwash these already angry Muslims. Therefore, to redeem his position in the eyes of the world and especially among the Muslim world peace in the Middle Eas t seems the best option available. Therefore, the Bush administration has to come up with options that will be acceptable to both the sides and if proposed properly Israel may accept the roadmap as being under pressured from the Quartet.Israel has faced a lot of criticism from the international community when it comes to human right violation, which has left Israel vulnerable so the Quartet could impose a roadmap on it. In 2004, Bush presented the roadmap with two significant changes as a part of the new American policy for the roadmap, and expected a final outcome of the conflict. The Israeli leader Ariel Sharon readily accepted the newer version of the plan as the two changes that Bush made seemed favored Israel a lot. The first change was on the issue of borders, which Bush suggested that it would be unwise for Israel to go back to the borders as in 1949.The second issue was of the Palestinian refugees, for which Bush stated that: â€Å"It seems clear that an agreed, just, fair and realistic framework for a solution to the Palestinian refugee issue as part of any final status agreement will need to be found through the establishment of a Palestinian state and the settling of Palestinian refugees there rather than Israel. † So no final agreement was reached. The same year saw the demise of Arafat which the US saw as a significant moment in Palestinian history.Abbass was elected in january 2005 and was invited to the white house hoping for a breakthrough atlast in the conflict after Arafat’s death who was regarded as a terrorist by the American authority. The summer another wave of voilence erupted between Palestinian and the Israelis and faded the hope for a peaceful outcome. The same year in August the world saw the withdrawl of Israeli forces and settlers from the Gaza strip and the West Bank, the withdrawl was initiated by the Israeli prime minister ariel sharon, who also left the Likud party joined a more moderate one.The withdrawl was heav ily appreciated all around the world and the international for once saw a ray of hope amidst the darkness of the bloody conflict. In January 2006 Sharon got a massive heart stroke and retreated from the party , the same month saw the Palestinian ruling party Fatah got defeated by Hamas, a group which the USA had labeled as a terrorist organisation long ago. Hamas has always held the views for the destrution of Israel.Therefore immediately after the Hamas’s victory USA and Israel called for the financial and the diplomatic isolation of the new Palestinian government and this also put an end to any more peace talks with the Palestinian government because both Israel and USA refused to recgnise Hamas in the government. Ehud Olmert succeded Sharon in the elections of May 2006 as the prime minister of Israel, who promised the completion of the withdrawl of Israeli forces from most of the parts of the West Bank by 2010. in the same year fresh clashes started between Hamas and the i sraeli forces in the Gaza strip.In the same year Israel clashed with Hezbollah in Lebanon and suffered casualities and upon admitting defeat withdrew its forces from Lebanon. This conflict had an important impact on the road map and many interpreted these clashes as an end to the roadmap peace process. In the October of the same year an Israeli news paper revealed that the government was still developing new settlements in the West Bank, even though Olmert promised the withdrawl and the removal of the settlements. Many of these settlements were being made on Palestinian property that even the Israeli government recognise as being theirs.For a fear of a political crisis with the USA and for the fear of being criticised by the international community , the report was kept a secret. The situation of the Middle East was worsened by civil clashes between the two major Palestenian groups Hamas and Fatah. Whether or not the Roadmap for Peace succeded or achieved its desired results or outc omes is really hadrd to tell because the success or the failure of the project solely depends on how sincerely both the parties work for the restoration of peace making sure that their ideologica differences do not interfere with the peace plan.The international community have countless times tried to maintain peace between the two sides by proposing a solution which would be acceptable to both the parties, but every time due to some reason or the other the peace process seems to end with completion possibly because the terms and the conditions of the proposed agreements were not suitable for one of the party or during the peace process a deadlock creates due to clashes or hostilities e. g. the second intifada.The Roadmap for peace plan guaranteed the creation of an independant Palestinian state wxisting side by side with Israel in peace, it also promises the Palestinians that Israel will withdraw its troops and freeze the building of its settlements on Palestinian territories. So f ar nothing of this sort has happened so baically the roadmap as I see it has failed because it failed to provide what it promised to the Palestinians and the Israelis. The Palestinians still have to live under a constant threat of being attacked or even killed by the Israeli forces anytime, not even the children are safe.The Israelis have to face the Palestinian revenge when some loved one of theirs die in a suicide attack. Both sides have endured countless casualties mostly civilians and the innocent people. Further more the building of the wall around the Palestinians have complicated issues even further and has restricted the Palestinians to a limited area of land only, there are only two openings and travelling to the world outside the wall is not possible air, sea or land. It is seen as another illegal attempt tocapture Palestinian land.The international community have proposed many proposals inaddition to the ones mentioned above but all of them have not proved any useful. USA has been playing the role of an initiator of peace talks between the two authorities for many years now, but as USA is a close ally of Israel and have political advantages to reap from Israel, the muslim world in general see the sfforts being made by the American government as inefficient or being biased and always in the favor of Israel.They feel that it is in the power of the American government to force Israel out of Palestenian areas and to make Israel stop the killings of the innocent but still America is reluctant to do such a thing and make peace in the region. The United Nations too has passed many declaration agaisnt the violations of human rights, which includes the killings and the destruction of homes of the Palestinian, by the Israeli government but Israel has never taken any heed.The united nations has also passed a number of resolutions against the barrier and the International Court of Justice has also issued an order which describes the barrier as illegal an orders to be stripped down . Israel on the other hand has ruled out the decision of the International Court saying that it did not considered the court’s jurisdication. In a 2004 report Amnesty International wrote that â€Å"The fence/wall, in its present configuration, violates Israel’s obligations under international humanitarian law.† The world council of churches has also condemned the barrier saying that it is a serious violation of human rights and humanitarian consequences owing to the construction of the barrier. Some international governments do support the Israeli actions but still oppose the barrier as it is built outside the 1949 armistice lines. Conclusion: The conflict between the Israelis and the Palestinians have been going around for decades it has not only sabotage peace in that particular region but has also effected the neighboring countries as well.The conflict has created many problems and many enemies for the state of Israel. Many people think I srael as an illegal state which donot have the right to exist, where as there are a group of people which agree the right of Israel to exist as a nation, as a state but not at the cost of the annexation of Palestinian land and not by the killing of the Palestinian. The Roadmap for Peace, even though has been accepted by all the sides but still has done little to promote peace in the region because no sincere efforts have been made to implement the plan.However over years of negotiations the RoadMap remains the only alternative that leaders from both the sides have agreed upon , whereas agreements like the Geneva initiative still has a long way to go before it is officially accepted by the leaderships of the two parties. Many experts view the geneva accord as a better means of promoting peace among israelis and the palestinians because the accord provides many realistic solutions to problems which have been evaded in the past agreements. An article in the Israeli news paper commented thatTel Aviv Ma’ariv (Israeli, Hebrew-language, centrist), April 22: The Israeli-Palestinian conflict today isn't just a conflict between leaders and worldviews, it is a conflict between two peoples filled with bitterness and hatred, between parents and children who have lost many of their relatives and their belief in peace. They will not place their destiny in airy promises of a new Middle East. There is not, and there cannot be, an agreement for mutual trust between the two peoples in this manner. Perhaps in the next generation†¦. [U. S.President George] Bush's road map is a positive step but nothing more. Even if both sides agreed to accept it exactly as it is written, without changes or comments (and there is no possibility of that happening), there is nothing in the road map or in Bush’s vision that will allow the spanning of a bridge across the deep abyss between the two peoples and which would bring an end to the dispute. —Dan Shilon As far as I am concerned and I see it the palestinian are the opressed here, because as I see it the Jews were the one who were the outsiders, the immigrants, it was the courtesy a